Bulletin #2574, Native Trees and Shrubs for Maine Landscapes: American Hophornbeam (Ostrya virginiana)

Developed by Marjorie Peronto, Associate Extension Professor, University of Maine Cooperative Extension; and Reeser C. Manley, Assistant Professor of Horticulture, University of Maine.

For information about UMaine Extension programs and resources, visit extension.umaine.edu.
Find more of our publications and books at extension.umaine.edu/publications/.

Go native!

This series of publications is the result of a five-year research project that evaluated the adaptability of a variety of native trees and shrubs to the stresses of urban and residential landscapes in Maine. Non-native invasive plants pose a serious threat to Maine’s biodiversity. Plants such as Japanese barberry, shrubby honeysuckle, and Asiatic bittersweet, originally introduced for their ornamental features, have escaped from our landscapes, colonizing natural areas and displacing native plants and animals. By landscaping with native plants, we can create vegetation corridors that link fragmented wild areas, providing food and shelter for the native wildlife that is an integral part of our ecosystem. Your landscape choices can have an impact on the environment that goes far beyond your property lines.

Description

Ostrya virginiana leaves — Photo by Reeser C. Manley

Form: a fine-textured tree, with horizontal or slightly drooping branches forming a rounded crown

Size: 25 to 50 feet tall, two-thirds as wide

Ornamental characteristics:

muted yellow autumn foliage contrasts with dark bark
loose clusters of tan, papery capsules, each enclosing a small nut, persist into October
graceful, slender catkins hang from branch tips in winter

Landscape Use

Ostrya virginiana foliage — Photo by Reeser C. Manley

American hophornbeam is a tougher and more stress-tolerant tree than its close relative, hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana). Where we find hornbeam growing in moist bottomland soils, we are likely to find hophornbeam higher up on the rocky slopes on drier soils. It grows there with American beech (Fagus grandifolia), red oak (Quercus rubra) and Alleghany serviceberry (Amelanchier laevis). Tolerant of full sun, Ostrya virginiana can also be used as a specimen tree in the landscape, and its small size is particularly suited to use as a patio or courtyard tree. When grown in the sun, it is likely to become wider than it is tall.

Once established, O. virginiana can tolerate summer drought and heat. However, it is sensitive to salt, either from ocean spray or winter roads, and should be sited well away from both.

Culture

Ostrya virginiana illustration — Drawing by Margery Read

Hardiness: USDA zone 5a

Soil requirements: tolerant of a wide variety of soils

Light requirements: full sun or shade

Stress tolerances:

soil compaction — intolerant
pollution — unknown
deicing salts — intolerant
urban heat islands — intolerant
drought — intolerant
seasonal flooding — very intolerant

Insect and disease problems: very resistant

Wildlife Value

This species is not prevalent in wildlife diets, possibly because of its scattered occurrence in habitats where oak and beech mast are the favored food. Grouse eat the male catkins in fall and winter. There have been reports of the nuts being eaten by game birds, deer, and rabbits.

Maintenance

Irrigation: During the establishment period, defined as one year after planting for each inch of trunk diameter at planting time, water your trees regularly during the growing season. Give the root zone of each tree 1 inch of water per week; in general, a tree’s root zone extends twice as wide as its canopy. After the establishment period, provide supplemental irrigation during periods of severe drought.

Fertilization: Landscape trees and shrubs should not be fertilized unless a soil test indicates a need. Correct soil pH, if necessary, by amending the backfill soil. No nitrogen fertilizer should be added at planting or during the first growing season.

To learn more about native woody plants

Visit the Eastern Maine Native Plant Arboretum at University of Maine Cooperative Extension’s Penobscot County office, 307 Maine Avenue in Bangor. Established in 2004, the arboretum displays 24 different native tree and shrub species that can be used in managed landscapes.

Reviewed by Cathy Neal, Extension professor, University of New Hampshire Cooperative Extension.
Photos by Reeser C. Manley.
Illustration by Margery Read, Extension Master Gardener.

This series of publications and the associated research were made possible in part by the Maine Forest Service’s Project Canopy.

Information in this publication is provided purely for educational purposes. No responsibility is assumed for any problems associated with the use of products or services mentioned. No endorsement of products or companies is intended, nor is criticism of unnamed products or companies implied.

Call 800.287.0274 (in Maine), or 207.581.3188, for information on publications and program offerings from University of Maine Cooperative Extension, or visit extension.umaine.edu.

The University of Maine is an EEO/AA employer, and does not discriminate on the grounds of race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, transgender status, gender expression, national origin, citizenship status, age, disability, genetic information or veteran’s status in employment, education, and all other programs and activities. The following person has been designated to handle inquiries regarding non-discrimination policies: Sarah E. Harebo, Director of Equal Opportunity, 101 North Stevens Hall, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469-5754, 207.581.1226, TTY 711 (Maine Relay System).