{"id":10075,"date":"2019-01-16T16:27:04","date_gmt":"2019-01-16T21:27:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/agriculture\/?page_id=10075"},"modified":"2021-05-28T11:38:00","modified_gmt":"2021-05-28T15:38:00","slug":"cover-crop-and-no-till-management-case-study-hewett-farm","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/agriculture\/soil-health\/no-till-and-reduced-tillage\/cover-crop-and-no-till-management-case-study-hewett-farm\/","title":{"rendered":"Cover Crop and No-Till Management Case Study: Hewett Farm"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Man
Tim Hewett and his farm helper, Kadin<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Farmer<\/strong>: Tim Hewett
\nLocation<\/strong>: Skowhegan, Maine
\nFarm Type<\/strong>: Cattle & forage
\nSize<\/strong>: 643 acres of cropland; additional woodland
\nSoil Type<\/strong>: Adams loamy sand at farmstead; cropland soil types vary
\nCrops<\/strong>: Silage corn, hay
\nCover Crops<\/strong>: Tim has tried winter rye, winter triticale, and a mix of Italian rye, red clover, and tillage radish.
\nPartially No-till since<\/strong>: 2015
\nWeed Management<\/strong>: Roundup to kill sod\/cover crop; Spring IPM scouting for other weed control needs. Varies by year.<\/p>\n

Tim Hewett grew up on a dairy farm and has been running his own diversified farm in Skowhegan for 30 years, producing and selling hay, corn, cattle, compost, maple syrup and wood.\u00a0\u00a0 He manages 643 acres of cropland, including roughly 210 acres in silage corn.<\/p>\n

Tim is constantly re-defining his farming operation, with an eye to adding diversity and improving sustainability on his farm.\u00a0 He does a lot of reading and talking with other farmers and agricultural resource personnel from his Certified Crop Advisor to Cooperative Extension to NRCS. \u00a0Once he has gathered his information, Tim looks for ways to integrate the new ideas on his farm.\u00a0 \u201cYou have to be open to trying new things.\u00a0 What I like about farming, is that you can always try to make it better, and that is what makes it interesting.\u00a0 If you can make it better after you make a mistake, then you are happy.\u201d\u00a0 And, he adds with a laugh, \u201cIf you haven\u2019t made a mistake, you haven\u2019t tried!\u201d<\/p>\n

Tim put this principle to work with the USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service Conservation Innovation Grant (CIG) Soil Health Project in the past three years.\u00a0 The CIG Soil Health Project provided financial and technical assistance to landowners in Kennebec, Somerset and Waldo Counties to innovatively add cover crops and reduce tillage on their farms.\u00a0 Prior to the program, Tim had been thinking about trying no-till planting and adding cover crops to his silage corn fields.\u00a0 He was the first farmer to sign up for the program in 2014, electing to do three split field trials for fall-sown winter cover crops.\u00a0 The split field trials were meant to test on-farm differences between winter cover and no cover in the same field on the same soil type, side by side.\u00a0 In 2015, Tim went on to try some no-till corn planting and purchased a no-till planter.\u00a0 He has been increasing his no-till acres each year since then.\u00a0 In 2016, he tried inter-seeding a pre-harvest cover crop in conjunction with his summer corn nitrogen application.<\/p>\n

Unfortunately, results of the split field and the inter-seeding trials were less than encouraging.\u00a0 The winter cover crops across the board had minimal growth and coverage before winter snow.\u00a0 Despite this frustrating lack of success so far, Tim still firmly believes in the need for and benefits of winter cover.<\/p>\n

Cover Crop Benefits<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Large
Tillage radish inter-seeded in a no-till field<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Tim is determined to make cover cropping a part of his crop management plan for two major reasons:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Weed and erosion control: \u201cI think both cover crops and no-till planting are the answers to the problems of weed control and erosion control\u201d, he says. \u201c[With corn planting], we are losing so much topsoil \u2013 on a windy day and in the rain, you can see it.\u00a0 You can\u2019t put enough organic material down to replace what you are losing.\u00a0 And once it starts, every year it gets worse.\u00a0 But if you have a good hold on the soil with cover, then you are way ahead of the game.\u201d<\/li>\n
  • Improving soil and water quality: Tim also feels cover crops are better for the health of his soil and for \u201cthe whole world\u201d, in that they help keep soil and nutrients out of public waters. \u201cI have grandkids, and I want them to have clean water. It is our job to leave it better than it was.\u201d Tim also feels that this keeps farms ahead of environmental regulations.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Cover Cropping Methods\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

    Timing<\/strong>: After trying both before and after harvest cover crop establishment, Tim feels that inter-seeding is the best method for his operation.\u00a0 A neighboring farmer buys and harvests Tim\u2019s silage corn, and thus, Tim has less control over when the corn is harvested.\u00a0 Because it is generally not harvested until October, Tim finds it difficult to have success with fall-sown winter cover crops.<\/p>\n

    Given the less-than-successful inter-seeding trial with nitrogen applications, Tim\u2019s next plan is to try aerial seeding, providing the cost is manageable.\u00a0 This way, he feels that he will have the most flexibility to get the cover crop seeded at optimal corn growth stage and weather conditions without disturbing his corn crop.<\/p>\n

    Termination:<\/strong> As for killing the crop in the spring, Tim has used Roundup (glyphosate) with success.\u00a0 He suggests: \u201cDon\u2019t let [the cover crop] get more than 12 inches tall and try to kill the cover crop a couple of weeks ahead of your projected planting date.\u00a0 Let it start breaking down a little, then go in and plant.\u201d<\/p>\n

    \"Green
    Winter rye in spring<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

    Species:<\/strong> Through the course of the CIG project, Tim tried fall plantings of winter rye and triticale in 2014 and 2015.\u00a0 Both crops were lightly harrowed in after planting.\u00a0 Unfortunately, again due to a late corn harvest, he felt that neither species got enough growth in the fall to get the full benefits of the cover.\u00a0 Though he felt that he did receive some benefit from both plantings in the spring, it just wasn\u2019t cost effective.<\/p>\n

    This was particularly frustrating with the triticale, since it provided an additional source of palatable feed for the cattle. \u00a0\u201cI need to get the corn off by middle of September to do it\u201d, Tim says, \u201cBut if I harvested my own corn, I would absolutely do the triticale again! It worked great to chop and feed that out in May and then go right in and no-till plant corn.\u201d\u00a0 He adds that for anyone thinking of planting triticale, it is best sown in non-rocky, sandy soil, so you can mow it easily.<\/p>\n

    For the inter-seeding that Tim tried with nitrogen applications, he used a mix of Italian rye, clover, and tillage radish. \u00a0Going forward, Tim is open to trying new cover crop species, singly or in mixes.\u00a0 He adds, \u201cI am looking for ones that are good for wildlife, birds and deer.\u201d \u00a0\u00a0Tim feels that wildlife, perhaps hunting or bird-watching, could be another service provided by the farm, and an additional benefit of the cover crop seeding.<\/p>\n

    Cover Cropping Challenges <\/strong><\/p>\n

      \n
    • Corn harvest timing is Tim\u2019s biggest challenge to getting a cover crop established. Therefore, Tim feels that inter-seeding is his best management option.<\/li>\n
    • Corn herbicide protocol: Tim feels that his greatest challenge for successful inter-seeding of cover crop is the compatibility and timing of the herbicides used for the corn with the cover crop planting. This was another lesson Tim had to learn the hard way.\u00a0 His inter-seeding trials in 2016 were failures, likely due to the timing and type of herbicide that was used on the corn.<\/li>\n
    • Cover crop seed availability and source: Tim says that he has found quite a difference in seed prices and seed quality.\u00a0 He says the best thing to do is \u201cbook it early, check your prices, and get clean seed.\u201d \u00a0\u00a0He feels that it is important to buy certified seed whenever possible, to avoid \u201cgetting a bunch of weed seeds\u201d in the bargain.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      The No-Till Journey<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \"\"
      No-till Planter Tune-Up Workshop, Hewett Farm<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

      Tim purchased his no-till planter in 2015.\u00a0 He now does about half of his corn ground as no-till. As part of the CIG project, Tim hosted a no-till planter tune-up workshop at his farm, using his planter as the demo.\u00a0 Though he has had some challenges, he feels that no-till is an important piece of the future of his farm.<\/p>\n

      No-Till Benefits<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \n
      • Fuel and time savings: \u201cI think with the price of fuel, you have to go no-till\u2026also for the time savings.\u201d<\/li>\n
      • Weed control: No-till in combination with cover crops is a key to weed suppression. Not tilling the soil and having a cover crop on the field prevents the weeds from having a chance to germinate. Over time, this reduces weed pressure in the corn.\u00a0 \u201cIt takes a few years, but then you can come out ahead.\u201c<\/li>\n
      • Healthier crops: \u201cI am committed to doing no-till and crop rotation now to have better corn and grass crops. [With no till] you are compacting your ground less, your topsoil isn\u2019t running off, and that means healthier plants.\u201d\n

        \"Man
        Hewett no-till planter with Rico Balzano from University of Vermont Extension<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li>\n
      • Equipment life-span: Tim says rocks encountered while plowing are hard on the harrows, and that means frequent replacement. No-till means less equipment maintenance and longer equipment life.<\/li>\n
      • Crop rotation becomes easier to add to field management: This is another piece of having better soil and better crops. It works well to no-till corn into former sod ground.\u00a0 Tim\u2019s goal is to get his corn ground into a three or four year rotation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        No-Till Challenges <\/strong><\/p>\n

          \n
        • Changing old habits:<\/strong> Tim\u2019s journey from conventional to no-till management has been a slow transition, requiring the changing of long-ingrained habits and getting past the years of \u201cbeing told that we need to harrow and plow\u201d to help the soil warm in the spring. But Tim is content to take it slow.\u00a0 He says if you listen to folks who have done long-term no-till, they will tell you it is going to take a few years to get the benefits.\u00a0 \u201cYou aren\u2019t going to see the changes to your soil overnight.\u201d<\/li>\n
        • No-till planter adjustments:<\/strong> Tim has found that some of his no-till corn stands have been \u201cskippy\u201d. He feels that he still doesn\u2019t have his planter settings quite right, despite trial and error, including making some adjustments, only to find that he needs to adjust things back the other way. He adds that the key to learning the best planter settings is to try to find another farmer with a similar planter and talk with them. \u201cYou can\u2019t know everything, so the key is finding the right people to help you.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Is there an overall economic benefit to cover cropping and no-till? Tim thinks for a moment, then says, \u201cMaybe a little. When you get things set right, you can probably save money.\u00a0 The real benefit is in time savings and the quality of \u2018everything\u2019.\u00a0 I would like to not harrow a bit of ground!\u201d \u00a0When asked what will help him achieve that goal, Tim gives another of his infectious laughs and says, \u201cLuck!\u201d<\/p>\n

          Finally: Advice to new cover crop and no-till adopters: \u201c<\/strong>Talk with everyone you can.\u00a0 Some people say it is all easy, but it isn\u2019t.\u00a0 You need to make mistakes, then you learn from them.\u00a0 But if you can find people to help you, that will save you making some mistakes. \u00a0Also, it is important to start small and try one piece at a time.\u201d<\/p>\n

          Writing and photos by Laura Suomi-Lecker, Technical Director, Somerset County Soil and Water Conservation District, Skowhegan, Maine.<\/em>\"\"<\/em>
          \nPosted January 2018.<\/em><\/p>\n

          This piece was written as part of a series of Soil Health case studies, supported in part by Northeast SARE, project SNE15-07.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          Farmer: Tim Hewett Location: Skowhegan, Maine Farm Type: Cattle & forage Size: 643 acres of cropland; additional woodland Soil Type: Adams loamy sand at farmstead; cropland soil types vary Crops: Silage corn, hay Cover Crops: Tim has tried winter rye, winter triticale, and a mix of Italian rye, red clover, and tillage radish. Partially No-till […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":40,"featured_media":0,"parent":7936,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"templates\/page-withsidebar.php","meta":{"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-10075","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nCover Crop and No-Till Management Case Study: Hewett Farm - Cooperative Extension: Agriculture - University of Maine Cooperative Extension<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/agriculture\/soil-health\/no-till-and-reduced-tillage\/cover-crop-and-no-till-management-case-study-hewett-farm\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Cover Crop and No-Till Management Case Study: Hewett Farm - Cooperative Extension: Agriculture - University of Maine Cooperative Extension\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Farmer: Tim Hewett Location: Skowhegan, Maine Farm Type: Cattle & forage Size: 643 acres of cropland; additional woodland Soil Type: Adams loamy sand at farmstead; cropland soil types vary Crops: Silage corn, hay Cover Crops: Tim has tried winter rye, winter triticale, and a mix of Italian rye, red clover, and tillage radish. 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