{"id":5552,"date":"2019-01-25T20:41:08","date_gmt":"2019-01-25T20:41:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/cranberries\/?page_id=5552"},"modified":"2019-01-30T23:44:40","modified_gmt":"2019-01-30T23:44:40","slug":"nutrients-workshop","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/cranberries\/grower-services\/workshops-and-meetings\/nutrients-workshop\/","title":{"rendered":"Foliar Testing and Visual Assessment of Nutrient Status in Berry Crops"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Topic #5: Foliar Testing and Visual Assessment of Nutrient Status in Berry Crops<\/strong> &#8211; [Dec. 2, 2011]\u00a0<em>Dr. Marvin Pritts, Cornell University, \u00a0Professor &amp; Chair, Dept of Horticulture<\/em><em> (with a concentration in Small Fruit Production); <\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/hort.cals.cornell.edu\/people\/faculty.cfm?netId=mpp3\">Online Profile<\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>This was part of a 12-part \u201cSoil and Nutrient Management for Berry Crops\u201d webinar series, a project that was funded by <strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nesare.org\/\">NE SARE<\/a><\/strong> (Northeast Sustainable Research and Education Program), and which was organized by Marvin Pritts (Professor of Horticulture at Cornell Univ.) and Cathy Heidenreich (Extension Berry Specialist at Cornell Univ.).\u00a0 <\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Key Points:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Determining what the plant itself has taken up is a more accurate assessment of nutrient status than estimating availability from a chemical extractant (i.e. tissue test better than a soil test). Soil extractants attempt to \u2018mimic\u2019 what a plant root does.\u00a0 Also, a tissue test can identify a potential problem <em>before<\/em> it results in visible symptoms or reduced growth and yield, and a tissue test can help you diagnose what may be wrong in a problem location\/area of your crop.<\/li>\n<li>Foliar testing is especially relevant for perennial plants that accumulate nutrients over a time span of years.<\/li>\n<li>Tissue analysis standards are the same from lab to lab; not as extraction-dependent as soil tests are. The standards are derived from healthy plants (not derived from detailed experimentation), and the standards are based upon samples taken during a time of the year when leaf nutrient values are relatively stable (NOT when plants are growing rapidly, and NOT when fruits are expanding).\u00a0 <em>Best time for cranberries is end of August through early September.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Two exceptions to uniformity from lab to lab: <strong>Nitrogen and Sulfur<\/strong>, because there are several different methods a lab can use to measure nitrogen and sulfur in leaves. But, the values obtained from the different methods are fairly closely correlated or similar to one another.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Shortcomings of Foliar Testing:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Provides total amount of an element, but not the amount of it that is biologically active (iron is one example of this limitation).<\/li>\n<li>Sampling time may not be ideal for<em> all<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Requires a soil test to be meaningful, especially because of the importance of your soil pH in how that effects nutrient uptake (adding more of a nutrient may not solve a \u2018lacking\u2019 situation if your pH isn\u2019t right).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Functions of Nutrients in Plants:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Nitrogen (N):<\/strong> amino acids; cation-anion balance; osmoregulation<strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Phosphorus (P):<\/strong> DNA\/RNA structure; energy transfer; metabolism<\/li>\n<li><strong>Potassium (K):<\/strong> osmoregulation; metabolism; enzyme activation (50+); Pn<\/li>\n<li><strong>Calcium (C):<\/strong> cell walls, cell extension; enzyme modulation; vacuole pH<\/li>\n<li><strong>Magnesium (Mg):<\/strong> chlorophyll; protein synthesis; enzyme activation; vacuole pH<\/li>\n<li><strong>Iron (Fe):<\/strong> chloroplast development; redox systems; protein synthesis<\/li>\n<li><strong>Manganese (Mn):<\/strong> oxygen evolution; enzyme activation<\/li>\n<li><strong>Copper (Cu):<\/strong> strongly bound; lignifcation; enzyme activation; pollen formation<\/li>\n<li><strong>Zinc (Zn):<\/strong> root cell elongation; pollen germination<\/li>\n<li><strong>Molybdenum (Mo):<\/strong> enzyme activation<\/li>\n<li><strong>Boron (B):<\/strong> cell elongation, lignification; xylem differentiation; auxin activity<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><strong>Note: <\/strong><em>Lignin<\/em> or lignen is a complex chemical compound that is an integral part of the secondary cell walls of <em>plants <\/em>and some algae. Lignification has an important role in host defense against pathogen invasion.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Visual Symptoms of Deficiencies:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Certain nutrients are extremely mobile in the plant, and because of that fact, visual symptoms can help us to diagnose some problems we might see.<\/li>\n<li>N, P, K, Mg, and S are the most mobile.<\/li>\n<li>Mobile nutrients tend to move to actively-growing points through the phloem; therefore, older leaves exhibit deficiencies first. Calcium is just the opposite (not very mobile, so deficiencies of calcium will be noticed first in the newer-growth parts of the plant).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sulfur deficiency:<\/strong> mimics Nitrogen deficiency, visually (yellowing of leaves) because both N and S are components of amino acids, and when amino acids are in short supply, yellowing occurs. But sulfur deficiency is rare.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Phosphorus deficiency:<\/strong> dark red coloration on leaf margins (older leaves first) (P deficiency also not very common, at least not in the northeast); sometimes confused with the dormant color of blueberry and cranberry leaves in the Spring, which is simply due to a lack of chlorophyll which warmer temperatures and sunlight, of course, takes care of.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Potassium (K) deficiency (see this sometimes):<\/strong> browning where the leaves attach to the petiole, and eventually marginal leaf burning (older leaves first since it is one of the elements that is very mobile).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Calcium deficiency:<\/strong> growing points turning brown because calcium isn\u2019t very mobile, so it affects actively-growing areas first because there is not enough calcium moving out to the tips; hence, the older leaves will look fine.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Magnesium deficiency:<\/strong> Mg is more mobile than calcium is, so older leaves may show it some as well as newer leaves; Shows a very distinctive symptom (color between the leaf veins will be red, and the veins themselves are green \u2013 commonly referred to as a <strong>Christmas tree pattern<\/strong> because of the red and green colors)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Iron chlorosis: <\/strong>very common when blueberries are planted in high pH soils.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Manganese deficiency: <\/strong>rare, but more likely when the soil pH is too high; younger leaves first; yellowing between the leaf veins;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Boron deficiency:<\/strong> Can run into this situation in the Northeast, especially in blueberries and it\u2019s possible in cranberries but rare (STRONGLY resembles winter-kill, at least with blueberries); stubby root tips (poor auxin activity); another symptom is asymmetrical leaves, and\/or deformed fruit from the auxin levels being low as a result of the low boron.<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Watch out for Herbicide injury!!<\/em><\/strong> (often mimics nutrient deficiency; look for patterns, and with herbicide injury, the symptoms often show up quickly, whereas they \u2018should be\u2019 much more gradual with nutrient problems)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Take-home messages:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Visual symptoms of nutrient deficiencies are difficult to diagnose and can be confused with other things.<\/li>\n<li>One should try to address nutritional problems before visual symptoms occur.<\/li>\n<li>A foliar elemental analysis is the best technology we have for assessing plant nutrient status.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Topic #5: Foliar Testing and Visual Assessment of Nutrient Status in Berry Crops &#8211; [Dec. 2, 2011]\u00a0Dr. Marvin Pritts, Cornell University, \u00a0Professor &amp; Chair, Dept of Horticulture (with a concentration in Small Fruit Production); Online Profile This was part of a 12-part \u201cSoil and Nutrient Management for Berry Crops\u201d webinar series, a project that was [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":60,"featured_media":0,"parent":993,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"templates\/page-withsidebar.php","meta":{"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5552","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Foliar Testing and Visual Assessment of Nutrient Status in Berry Crops - Cooperative Extension: Cranberries - University of Maine Cooperative Extension<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/cranberries\/grower-services\/workshops-and-meetings\/nutrients-workshop\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Foliar Testing and Visual Assessment of Nutrient Status in Berry Crops - Cooperative Extension: Cranberries - University of Maine Cooperative Extension\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Topic #5: Foliar Testing and Visual Assessment of Nutrient Status in Berry Crops &#8211; 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