Slide 2: Family Ericaceae<\/strong> [heather\/heath family] Slide 3: What do cranberries like\/need? <\/strong>Indigenous to the Temperate Zone (Vaccinium macrocarpon<\/i> – native only to North America); acidic pH (4.0 to 5.5); full sun (generally the more sun, the better); optimum growth occurs from 60\u00b0F to 80\u00b0F; cool temperatures when fruit are maturing (as temperature goes down, anthocyanin production goes up); access to abundant water (‘boggy’\/peat habitats); cold winters (to satisfy the plant’s chilling requirement)<\/p>\n Slide 4: Winter \u2018resting\u2019 period (chilling requirement) <\/strong>Cranberry plants have what is called a \u201cchilling requirement.\u201d Abnormal blossoming has been observed to take place in Massachusetts when plants received less than 1500 hours (~62 days) below 45\u00b0F during the winter. This resulted in abnormal blossoming called \u201cUmbrella Bloom\u201d<\/strong> in which the stem above the flowers does not grow or does not grow very much.\u00a0 There is also some evidence to suggest that the chilling hours may be lost during \u2018ups and downs\u2019 of temperatures that often occur in the Northeast in December and January, such that chilling hours may have to start accumulating all over again.<\/p>\n Slide 6:<\/strong> Without the 1\u201d to 2\u201d of stem growth (with accompanying leaves), there is very little photosynthetic carbon available to the upright; thus, usually no more than just onecranberry per stem is obtained on those stems, when otherwise two or more berries per stem would be possible. Potentially a 50% yield reduction if going from 2 berries per stem to only 1 berry per stem.<\/p>\n Slide 7: Cranberry [Insect] Pests: How do they overwinter? Egg stage<\/strong> (least vulnerable to cold) [cold temperatures & cold duration]: Blackheaded fireworm, Chainspotted gemeter, Redheaded flea beetle, Cranberry blossomworm, Gypsy moth, Blunt-nosed leafhopper and Green spanworm; Pupal or Larval stages<\/strong> (a bit more vulnerable to cold): Cranberry tipworm (pupa), Cranberry fruitworm (larva), Brown spanworm (pupa), Big cranberry spanworm (pupa); Adult stage<\/strong> (even more vulnerable to cold): False armyworm (moths)<\/strong>, Cranberry weevils<\/strong>, and Winter moth<\/strong> — Climate change projections of milder and shorter winters for the northeast should aid in the survival of these three pests!<\/strong><\/p>\n Slides 8 and 9: Climate Projections for the Northeast — <\/strong>Figures taken from a report by the USDOT\u2019s Federal Highway Administration (using data from USGCRP): https:\/\/www.fhwa.dot.gov\/environment\/climate_change\/adaptation\/publications\/climate_effects\/<\/a> Slide 10 (heading slide)<\/em>: Likely Consequences<\/strong><\/p>\n Slide 11: Higher Temperatures; Likely Consequences:<\/strong> Warmer\/earlier springs: Buds swelling sooner\/faster (sensitive to frost sooner than growers are accustomed to), and potentially more nights needing to protect from frost.<\/p>\n Slide 12: Higher Temperatures; Likely Consequences: <\/strong>If warmer in late summer: Berry scalding – when berries are injured from the heat (already poses a challenge in NJ and MA), and poorer berry color resulting in less nutritious fruit (less anthocyanin) and reduced marketability.<\/p>\n Slide 13: Higher Temperatures; Likely Consequences: <\/strong>Hotter summers: Heat stress\/injury to vines\/flowers (especially when 90\u00b0F +), and more days of \u201ctoo hot for bees\u201d<\/em> (i.e. potentially fewer honeybees out pollinating!) Slide 14: Bee Protection:<\/strong> Hotter summers will put added stress on the bees, so it will be more important than ever to consider bee toxicity when a pesticide is applied during any period when bees could be exposed. The list of products for cranberries is sure to look different in the future, but this is how it looks as of 2016 for “Relative Risk Quotient” which is the ‘use rate’ of the product divided by its toxicity (the Relative Risk Quotient is shown in parentheses after each product name):<\/p>\n Slide 15: Higher Temperatures; Likely Consequences: <\/strong>Shorter and milder winters: Chilling requirement more and more difficult to satisfy, giving rise possibly to more and more \u201cumbrella bloom\u201d; Better survival of insect pests, especially false armyworms, cranberry weevils, and winter moths . . . but all the insect pests would stand to benefit.<\/em> Greater risk of lower yields!<\/strong><\/p>\n Slide 16: Higher Temperatures; Likely Consequences: more<\/em> False armyworm, more<\/em> Cranberry weevil, more<\/em> Winter moth Slide 18:<\/strong> So what’s so bad about False Armyworm? Slide 19:<\/strong> So what’s so bad about False Armyworm? Slide 20: False Armyworm Management: <\/strong><\/p>\n Slide 22: <\/strong>So what\u2019s so bad about Cranberry weevils? Slide 23: Cranberry Weevil Management: <\/strong><\/p>\n Slide 24: Climate Projections for the Northeast — <\/strong>Figures taken from a report by the USDOT\u2019s Federal Highway Administration (using data from USGCRP): https:\/\/www.fhwa.dot.gov\/environment\/climate_change\/adaptation\/publications\/climate_effects\/<\/a> Slide 25 (heading slide)<\/em>: Likely Consequences<\/strong><\/p>\n Slide 26: Rise in precipitation and\/or its intensity (likely consequences): <\/strong><\/p>\n Slide 28<\/strong> (suggests an answer to the question posed in slide 27): Answer:<\/strong> Too much rain during bloom!!! Bangor had 6.8\u201d of rain in July of 2014 (close to the record 7.25\u201d in 1983) and 3.43\u201d fell in just 24 hours from July 4th-5th when the plants were as much as 40% in bloom.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Slide 29: Summary (Likely Consequences):<\/strong><\/p>\n Slide 30:<\/strong> Further Study:<\/strong> Check out Cornell\u2019s Northeast Regional Climate Center at: http:\/\/www.nrcc.cornell.edu\/ Also, consider viewing the USDA report entitled: \u201cAdaptation Resources for Agriculture: Responding to Climate Variability and Change in the Midwest and Northeast.\u201d It is meant to help producers prepare for, cope with, and recover from extreme weather and uncertain climate conditions and may be found online at: http:\/\/www.climatehubs.oce.usda.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/adaptation_resources_workbook_ne_mw.pdf?utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery<\/a><\/p>\n University of Maine Cooperative Extension Pest Management Unit Accompanying Questions to the Online Workshop: \u201cCranberries and a Changing Climate\u201d Instructions:\u00a0 <\/strong>You can email the information being asked on this form, as well as your quiz answers (or photos<\/em> of the completed papers) to Charles Armstrong at charles.armstrong@maine.edu<\/a> or, alternatively, you can print out this completed page and your quiz answers, and mail to the Umaine Extension Diagnostic and Research Laboratory, c\/o Charles Armstrong, 17 Godfrey Drive, Orono, ME 04473.<\/p>\n License Information:<\/strong> (check all that apply and enter your license number if available<\/strong>)<\/p>\n Applicator Information:<\/strong><\/p>\n NAME: (last)_____________________<\/u>\u00a0 _(first)____________ <\/u>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Jr.\/Sr.\/III etc\u00a0 _________ Mailing Address:<\/strong><\/p>\n (Street)__________________\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/u>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(City)____________<\/u>\u00a0\u00a0 (State)_____ <\/u>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(Zip)_________ Under penalty of law, by signing below I certify that I am the true and actual license holder named above.\u00a0 I understand that under no circumstances shall anyone but the above named individual sign below.<\/p>\n Signature:<\/strong> __________________________________________\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Date: <\/strong>___________<\/p>\n
\nGenus Vaccinium<\/em>: examples include cranberry, blueberry, lingonberry, bilberry (whortleberry), cowberry, and huckleberry; the Vaccinium<\/em> genus contains about 450 species in total, which are found mostly in the cooler areas of the Northern Hemisphere.<\/p>\n![\"A](\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/cranberries\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/40\/2020\/04\/Slide-Image-Umbrella-Bloom.jpg\")
<\/a>Slide 5 (Photo):<\/strong> Photo showing the physiological condition in cranberry called “Umbrella Bloom” where the normal 1″ to 2″ of stem growth above the flowers is greatly reduced or entirely absent.<\/p>\n
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\n<\/strong>Of all our cranberry pests, we should review or familiarize ourselves with the first two pests in particular since these two are already increasing in occurrence and have been a consistent problem on Maine cranberry beds yearly. Winter moth has yet to be discovered on any of our cranberries [in Maine] but that could change if it continues to spread to more towns and regions of the state; it \u2018is\u2019 a large problem on Massachusetts cranberry bogs.
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/a>Slide 17 (Photo):<\/strong> Photo of a pair of False Armyworm caterpillars next to a US dime for scale purposes.<\/p>\n
\n<\/em>Life Cycle:<\/strong> There is a single generation per year. The moths which have overwintered mate in the early spring. Each female moth can lay roughly 600 eggs in masses of sometimes 100 or more that they place on the cranberry stems or the undersides of the leaves in late April through early May. The eggs hatch typically in mid to late May. The caterpillars mature at the end of June, then move to the ground where they \u2018rest\u2019 for two to six weeks before pupating. The moths emerge from mid to late August through the end of September, and seek out protective places to spend the winter.<\/p>\n
\n<\/em>Cranberry Injury:<\/strong> Early Season (late May through early June):<\/strong> The caterpillars are the damaging stage, and when they are young, they can do great damage by chewing out the centers of the terminal buds before the new growth begins. Summer:<\/strong> The caterpillars grow hand in hand with the cranberry growth, eating more and more as they increase in size and feed on leaves, buds, and flowers, eventually reaching 1.5-2\u201d in length at maturity. Upon reaching their larger size of 1\u201d or more, they will begin to feed primarily if not exclusively at night in order to avoid being seen by predators.
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\n<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/a>Slide 21 (Photo):<\/strong> Photo of five cranberry weevils crawling along the edge of a small glass jar (a baby food jar), with text that says: Cranberry weevil adults, Anthonomus musculus<\/em> (Say); The 2nd generation (\u201csummer generation\u201d) of this pest overwinters in the adult stage.<\/p>\n
\n<\/em>Cranberry Injury — Springtime:<\/strong> Weevils which have overwintered begin to move onto the beds from the surrounding uplands and will drill holes into old leaves and in the terminal buds. Mid-June through early July:<\/strong> The weevils mate, and move to the new cranberry growth, especially new terminal growth and new buds which can be damaged severely from their feeding holes. Flower buds that are damaged often fail to open, dry up, and then eventually fall to the ground. Eggs are deposited into the unopened blossom buds, where the subsequent weevil larvae develop. Females will chew on the pedicels after depositing their eggs, either severing them completely, or only partially, creating a point of weakness that often leads to the pedicel breaking off later on. Buds that remain attached but contain a larva turn from pink to a brownish-orange. In short, a heavy infestation can destroy much of the prospective crop due to blossom bud losses, and the brand new weevils emerging from them may also damage any berries that are present.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n
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<\/a>Slide 27: (Photo): <\/strong>Photo showing total barrels of cranberries harvested in Maine between 1995 and 2014, with a large drop in 2014 of more than half, with a question posed on the slide that asks: “What happened in 2014?” (the total dropped from 35,870 barrels in 2013 down to 15,428 barrels in 2014).<\/p>\n\n
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\n17 Godfrey Drive Orono, ME 04473
\n207.581.3880 \u2022 charles.armstrong@maine.edu
\nhttps:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/ipm\/<\/a>
\nThe University of Maine is an equal opportunity\/affirmative action institution<\/p>\n
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\nby Charles Armstrong, Cranberry Professional \/ University of Maine Cooperative Extension<\/strong><\/p>\n\n
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\nAnswer Sheet for: \u201cCranberries and a Changing Climate\u201d University of Maine Cooperative Extension. Instructions:\u00a0 You can email your quiz answers (if that is an option for you) to Charles Armstrong at charles.armstrong@maine.edu<\/a> or, alternatively, you can print out this page with your quiz answers indicated, and mail to the Umaine Extension Diagnostic and Research Laboratory, c\/o Charles Armstrong, 17 Godfrey Drive, Orono, ME 04473.