{"id":20769,"date":"2022-09-28T15:25:29","date_gmt":"2022-09-28T19:25:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/gardening\/?page_id=20769"},"modified":"2026-04-15T15:09:03","modified_gmt":"2026-04-15T19:09:03","slug":"maine-horticulture-learning-standards","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/gardening\/learn\/maine-horticulture-learning-standards\/","title":{"rendered":"Maine Horticulture Learning Standards"},"content":{"rendered":"

Updated 4.12.23<\/p>\n

Module 1<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Note: Module 1 is different for each training program. Modules 2 – 5 are the same for all training programs.<\/p>\n

Maine Horticulture Apprentice Training Module 1: Course Orientation and Introduction to the Industry<\/strong><\/h3>\n
    \n
  • Professional Resources & Skills:\u00a0<\/span>\n
      \n
    • Types of careers in the Maine horticulture industry<\/span><\/li>\n
    • Relevant resources and professional organizations for Maine horticulture professionals<\/span><\/li>\n
    • Best practices for offering excellent service to customers, employers and colleagues<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
    • Horticulture Apprenticeship: demonstrate proficiency* in at least 5 of the following areas (*Proficient = can work independently without supervision to complete this task):<\/span><\/li>\n
    • watering\/irrigation<\/span><\/li>\n
    • pest management (insects, diseases, weeds)<\/span><\/li>\n
    • plant management (pruning, division, fertilizer application, etc.)<\/span><\/li>\n
    • customer service<\/span><\/li>\n
    • planting and\/or seeding<\/span><\/li>\n
    • plant selection and design<\/span><\/li>\n
    • safe and proper use of equipment (hand tools, mowers, trimmers, tiller, etc.)<\/span><\/li>\n
    • monitoring for plants and pests (insects, diseases, weeds)<\/span><\/li>\n
    • educational outreach<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Master Gardener Volunteer Training Module 1: Orientation and Volunteerism<\/strong><\/h3>\n

      Volunteerism<\/strong><\/h4>\n
        \n
      • The mission, program breadth and funding sources of the University of Maine\u00a0 Cooperative Extension<\/span><\/li>\n
      • How and where the Master Gardener Volunteers program originated<\/span><\/li>\n
      • Maine Master Gardener Volunteers Program policies<\/span><\/li>\n
      • The \u201chows\u201d and \u201cwhys\u201d of reporting volunteer hours and activities<\/span><\/li>\n
      • The process and requirements of annual re-enrollment<\/span><\/li>\n
      • Tips for effective communication with fellow volunteers, clients, and Extension office\u00a0 staff<\/span><\/li>\n
      • How to minimize risk when working with youth, elderly and other vulnerable populations<\/span><\/li>\n
      • Potential Master Gardener Volunteer projects in your area<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Food Systems and Food Security<\/strong><\/h4>\n
          \n
        • The impacts of food insecurity in Maine and how Maine ranks in New England<\/span><\/li>\n
        • The current understanding about food waste and steps that can be taken individually and state-wide to minimize the food waste stream<\/span><\/li>\n
        • The challenges of providing fresh produce to hungry residents via food pantries and emergency food and meal sites<\/span><\/li>\n
        • The components of a food system and your role(s) in it as a consumer and perhaps as a producer, server, processor and\/or distributor<\/span><\/li>\n
        • How University of Maine Cooperative Extension supports and is part of the Maine Food System<\/span><\/li>\n
        • How to actively involve yourself in the food system\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
        • How to become more involved in the Maine Harvest for Hunger Program or another local food security program<\/span><\/li>\n
        • The Food Recovery Hierarchy and its components\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
        • How to distinguish between food security, food justice, and food sovereignty<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Maine Gardener Training Module 1: Course Orientation and Horticulture Resources\u00a0<\/strong><\/h3>\n
            \n
          • Become familiar with the breadth of horticulture resources available<\/span><\/li>\n
          • Learn how to search for and identify reliable sources of information\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            Module 2: Foundations of Horticulture<\/strong><\/h3>\n

            Ecology<\/strong><\/h4>\n
              \n
            • Define natural communities and ecosystems<\/span><\/li>\n
            • Explain the importance of biodiversity and how it supports healthy and robust ecosystems<\/span><\/li>\n
            • Understand the impact of habitat loss and fragmentation<\/span><\/li>\n
            • Understand the basics of climate change and tangible efforts gardeners can make to reduce its impact on their local communities<\/span><\/li>\n
            • Explain key observation skills that can inform sustainable gardening practices<\/span><\/li>\n
            • Understand the impact of invasive species on the Maine landscape<\/span><\/li>\n
            • Define phenology<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              Botany<\/strong><\/h4>\n
                \n
              • The binomial system (Genus species) of plant nomenclature<\/span><\/li>\n
              • Meaning of the terms hybrid, open-pollinated, variety and cultivar<\/span><\/li>\n
              • Plant parts (roots, stems, buds, leaves, flowers and fruits) and their functions<\/span><\/li>\n
              • Be aware of how a plant is identified \u2013 ie. using a dichotomous key<\/span><\/li>\n
              • Plant growth, development and differentiation<\/span><\/li>\n
              • The processes of photosynthesis, respiration and transpiration in plants<\/span><\/li>\n
              • Major environmental factors that influence plant growth, development and phenology (spacing, nutrients, light, day length, water, temperature)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                Propagation<\/strong><\/h4>\n
                  \n
                • The basic techniques and reasons for vegetative (asexual) propagation of plants including division, layering, cuttings and grafting<\/span><\/li>\n
                • The basic techniques and reasons for seedage (sexual) propagation of plants<\/span><\/li>\n
                • The parts of a seed and the environmental factors necessary for germination and growing on<\/span><\/li>\n
                • Potential seedling diseases<\/span><\/li>\n
                • An understanding of the role that containers, growing medium and fertilization play in plant propagation<\/span><\/li>\n
                • The processes of hardening off and transplanting seedlings<\/span><\/li>\n
                • The basics of seed saving and storage<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  Soils and Composting<\/strong><\/h4>\n
                    \n
                  • Soil Quality<\/span>\n
                      \n
                    • Composition of soil: four components and how they impact plant growth<\/span><\/li>\n
                    • Soil texture, its impact on gardening and if you can alter it<\/span><\/li>\n
                    • Soil structure and how management practices can impact it<\/span><\/li>\n
                    • Beyond the root zone: what other soil characteristics may impact your garden<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                    • Address soil fertility and pH<\/span>\n
                        \n
                      • How to take a soil test<\/span><\/li>\n
                      • Reading the soil test<\/span>\n
                          \n
                        • Understanding pH<\/span><\/li>\n
                        • When and how to adjust pH<\/span><\/li>\n
                        • Macro and micronutrients\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
                        • When and how to fertilize<\/span><\/li>\n
                        • Cation exchange capacity, lead and organic matter<\/span><\/li>\n
                        • Troubleshooting soil issues<\/span>\n
                            \n
                          • Soil texture issues (too dry or wet)<\/span><\/li>\n
                          • Adding organic matter<\/span>\n
                              \n
                            • Cover crop<\/span><\/li>\n
                            • Composting<\/span>\n
                                \n
                              • Basics of the composting process<\/span><\/li>\n
                              • How to troubleshoot and correct home composting problems<\/span><\/li>\n
                              • The characteristics of and uses of finished compost<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                              • Imported soil and amendments<\/span>\n
                                  \n
                                • Buying in soil<\/span><\/li>\n
                                • Container growing<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                  Module 3: Food Production\u00a0<\/strong><\/h3>\n

                                  Vegetable Gardening<\/strong><\/h4>\n
                                    \n
                                  • Garden site selection\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
                                  • Factors to consider when planning a vegetable garden<\/span><\/li>\n
                                  • How to read seed packets and catalogs<\/span><\/li>\n
                                  • Cool-season vs. warm-season crops<\/span><\/li>\n
                                  • Crop families and specific growing information\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
                                  • Techniques for extending the garden season<\/span><\/li>\n
                                  • Basics of crop rotation<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                    Garden Maintenance and Food Safety<\/strong><\/h4>\n
                                      \n
                                    • Basics of weed management and familiarity with identification resources\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
                                    • Plant water needs, identify soil moisture level and understand options for water distribution methods.<\/span><\/li>\n
                                    • Appropriate mulch materials for various uses, be able to calculate quantities and understand the benefits of mulch.<\/span><\/li>\n
                                    • Manual and mechanized tools options, selecting appropriate tools for different situations, tools maintenance and ergonomic tools.<\/span><\/li>\n
                                    • Paper and electronic record keeping methods, including apps and what to keep track of.<\/span><\/li>\n
                                    • Basics of adaptive gardening techniques and options.<\/span><\/li>\n
                                    • Food safety for a safe harvest<\/span><\/li>\n
                                    • How to harvest and properly store common vegetable crops<\/span><\/li>\n
                                    • Food safety practices used in preparing fresh foods for consumption<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                      Small Fruits<\/strong><\/h4>\n
                                        \n
                                      • The critical components of a suitable site for growing small fruits<\/span><\/li>\n
                                      • Fundamentals of growing strawberries; proper planting, early care, winter production and renovation strawberry beds; characteristics of recommended varieties<\/span><\/li>\n
                                      • Fundamentals of growing raspberries and blackberries; proper planting, early care, trellising and pruning of brambles; characteristics of recommended varieties<\/span><\/li>\n
                                      • Fundamentals of growing highbush blueberries; special soil needs, proper planting, early care and pruning; characteristics of recommended varieties<\/span><\/li>\n
                                      • Types of pruning cuts (heading and thinning) and how plants respond<\/span><\/li>\n
                                      • Why currants and gooseberries (Ribes family) are illegal to import and grow in parts of Maine<\/span><\/li>\n
                                      • Fundamentals of growing other small fruits such as grapes, elderberries, etc.: proper planting, early care; characteristics of recommended varieties<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                        Tree Fruits<\/strong><\/h4>\n
                                          \n
                                        • The critical components of a suitable site for growing fruit trees in the home landscape<\/span><\/li>\n
                                        • The different species of fruit trees commonly grown in Maine and the challenges associated with growing each type<\/span><\/li>\n
                                        • Strengths and weaknesses of each species in order to select fruit trees that match expectations<\/span><\/li>\n
                                        • Why and when fruit trees are commonly grafted<\/span><\/li>\n
                                        • The difference between dwarf, semi-dwarf and standard sized fruit trees<\/span><\/li>\n
                                        • Reasons why rootstocks are used in tree fruit production<\/span><\/li>\n
                                        • Basic principles and purposes for pruning different kinds of fruit trees<\/span>\n
                                            \n
                                          • Types of pruning cuts (heading and thinning) and how<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                            Module 4: Garden Pests and Diseases\u00a0<\/strong><\/h3>\n

                                            Prevention<\/strong><\/h4>\n
                                              \n
                                            • Practices for a healthy garden\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
                                            • The role of invertebrates as pests and beneficials\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
                                            • How to attract beneficial organisms\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
                                            • Resources available for dealing with vertebrate pests\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                              Identification<\/strong><\/h4>\n

                                              Identifying Plant Diseases<\/p>\n

                                                \n
                                              • Understand the process of plant diagnostics<\/span><\/li>\n
                                              • Understand how a healthy plant functions<\/span><\/li>\n
                                              • Describe what a plant disease is<\/span><\/li>\n
                                              • The difference between biotic and abiotic diseases<\/span><\/li>\n
                                              • Common causes of abiotic diseases\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
                                              • The living organisms that cause biotic diseases\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
                                              • The five essential steps for coming to a proper diagnosis<\/span><\/li>\n
                                              • How to identify disease symptoms and signs and common examples of each\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
                                              • Key questions to ask for disease diagnosis<\/span><\/li>\n
                                              • The factors necessary for plant diseases to occur (the disease triangle)<\/span><\/li>\n
                                              • How to collect and package diseased plant samples for shipment to the Pest Management Lab for diagnosis<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                Identifying invertebrate pests<\/p>\n

                                                  \n
                                                • Relevant invertebrate groups\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                • Distinguishing between juvenile and adult life stages<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                • Mouthparts and typical damage<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                • Common arthropod pests of Maine gardens<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                • Tick Lab resources\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                • Invasive insects and their threat to the Maine Landscape<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                • Submitting samples for identification\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                  Management<\/strong><\/h4>\n
                                                    \n
                                                  • Who needs a pesticide license\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                  • Principles of Integrated Pest Management (IPM)<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                  • Understand setting thresholds for pest damage<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                  • Cultural, mechanical and biological control options for insects and diseases<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                  • What qualifies as a pesticide\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                  • The legal issues and potential risks from using homemade pesticides\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                  • Factors relevant to selecting pesticides<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                  • Appropriate sources of information when selected pesticides\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                  • How to read, understand and follow a pesticide label<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                  • How to assess the risks vs. the benefits of pesticide use<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                  • How to minimize pesticide exposure to humans<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                  • Protecting pollinators when using pesticides\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                  • How to reduce pesticide exposure to the environment<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                  • What to do in the event of a pesticide spill or poisoning\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                  • How to properly store, secure and dispose of pesticides<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                    Module 5: Maine Landscape & Designs<\/strong><\/h3>\n

                                                    Plants for the Maine Landscape<\/strong><\/h4>\n
                                                      \n
                                                    • Offer examples of plants and plant combinations that are suitable for Maine gardens and functional in terms of promoting biodiversity<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                    • Be able to recommend native woody and herbaceous plants appropriate for different landscape conditions, including the following:<\/span>\n
                                                        \n
                                                      • Sunny, well drained landscape<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                      • Shady, woodland landscape<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                      • Seasonally flooded landscape<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                      • Coastal, lakeside or alpine landscape<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                      • Explain the what a native plant is and the benefits of native plants<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                      • Describe how gardeners can support pollinators and other wildlife in their landscape<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                      • Read the natural landscape in order to seek inspiration and make decisions about selecting plants that mimic similar natural communities<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                        Landscape Design and Maintenance<\/strong><\/h4>\n
                                                          \n
                                                        • Landscape Design, including how to:<\/span>\n
                                                            \n
                                                          • Plot Your Property<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                          • Analyze Your Property<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                          • Brainstorm ideas<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                          • Create a Bubble Design<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                          • Develop a Detailed Design<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                          • Select your Plants<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                          • Keep Your Plan Maine-Friendly\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                          • Landscape Maintenance\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                          • Selecting and planting trees and shrubs\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                          • Planting perennials\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                          • Pruning woody landscape plants<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                          • Seasonal maintenance (mulching, deadheading, watering, fertilizing, dividing, pollinator friendly maintenance)<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                          • Sustainable lawns and lawn alternatives\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                            Professional Resources & Skills (for Maine Horticulture Apprenticeship Training participants only)<\/strong><\/h3>\n
                                                              \n
                                                            • Types of careers in the Maine horticulture industry<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                            • Relevant resources and professional organizations for Maine horticulture professionals<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                            • Best practices for offering excellent service to customers, employers and colleagues<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                              and demonstrate proficiency* in at least 5 of the following areas:<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                \n
                                                              • watering\/irrigation<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                              • pest management (insects, diseases, weeds)<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                              • plant management (pruning, division, fertilizer application, etc.)<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                              • customer service<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                              • planting and\/or seeding<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                              • plant selection and design<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                              • safe and proper use of equipment (hand tools, mowers, trimmers, tiller, etc.)<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                              • monitoring for plants and pests (insects, diseases, weeds)<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                              • educational outreach<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                *Proficient = can work independently without supervision to complete this task<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                                                Updated 4.12.23 Module 1 Note: Module 1 is different for each training program. Modules 2 – 5 are the same for all training programs. Maine Horticulture Apprentice Training Module 1: Course Orientation and Introduction to the Industry Professional Resources & Skills:\u00a0 Types of careers in the Maine horticulture industry Relevant resources and professional organizations for […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":137,"featured_media":0,"parent":12691,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"templates\/page-withsidebar.php","meta":{"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-20769","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nMaine Horticulture Learning Standards - Cooperative Extension: Garden and Yard - University of Maine Cooperative Extension<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/gardening\/learn\/maine-horticulture-learning-standards\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Maine Horticulture Learning Standards - Cooperative Extension: Garden and Yard - University of Maine Cooperative Extension\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Updated 4.12.23 Module 1 Note: Module 1 is different for each training program. 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