{"id":20,"date":"2013-07-11T08:50:16","date_gmt":"2013-07-11T12:50:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/grains-oilseeds\/?page_id=20"},"modified":"2021-07-28T11:55:15","modified_gmt":"2021-07-28T11:55:15","slug":"vol1-no3","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/grains-oilseeds\/newsletter\/vol1-no3\/","title":{"rendered":"Maine Grain and Oilseed Newsletter, Vol. 1, No. 3 &#8211; June 2013"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>In this issue:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#staging\">Staging Cereal Grains<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#fusarium\">Fusarium Head Scab and Vomitoxin (DON)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Dear Grower,<\/p>\n<p>In consideration of the weather we\u2019ve had for sowing spring cereal crops, this issue will address some important tools in which to help manage your crops. With the alternating wet and dry spells much of us have experienced during planting season, the result has been several different distinct planting periods. Most crop management practices rely upon the crop being in a certain developmental stage in which to achieve maximum benefit. Being able to identify these stages will be important this year as much of our crop will likely differ in developmental maturity for much of the remainder of the season. As a note, many early planted small grain fields are showing signs of nitrogen deficiency; a likely result of delayed emergence and excessive rainfall. Growers are encouraged to consider top-dressing a nitrogen source to supplement the remaining nitrogen should fields be displaying symptoms of deficiency.<\/p>\n<p>If you are interested in growing organic grains, see the <a href=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/grains-oilseeds\/2013\/06\/15\/organic-grain-twilight-meeting-bbq\/\">Organic Grain Twilight Meeting and BBQ<\/a>, July 9, at the Aroostook Research Farm.<\/p>\n<p>Sincerely,<br \/>\nAndrew Plant, Extension Agriculture Educator<br \/>\nEllen Mallory, Sustainable Ag. Specialist<\/p>\n<p>57 Houlton Road, Presque Isle, ME 04769<br \/>\n207.764.3361 or 1.800.287.1462<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/aroostook\">extension.umaine.edu\/aroostook<\/a><i> <\/i><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><a name=\"staging\"><\/a>Staging Cereal Grains<\/h3>\n<p><i>Ellen Mallory, Sustainable Agriculture Specialist, UMaine Extension<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Many management practices for cereal grains, such as tine harrowing for weed control and topdressing nitrogen to boost grain protein, require the crop to be in a particular developmental stage to be most effective. A number of numeric scales have been developed to describe the growth stages of cereal grains. The most commonly used scale is the Feekes scale, which divides the life of the plant from emergence of the first leaf through grain ripening into eleven developmental stages (Figure 1). The heading and ripening stages are then subdivided for greater detail.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>Figure 1. Growth Stages of Cereals<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-913\" src=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/grains-oilseeds\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2013\/07\/feekes-scale.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration of Feekes Scale. Seedling: Stage 1 one shoot. Tillering: Stage 2 tillering begins; Stage 3 tillers formed; Stage 4 leaf-sheaths lengthen; Stage 5 leaf-sheaths strongly erected. Stem Extension -- Jointing: Stage 6 first node of stem visible; Stage 7 second node of stem visible; Stage 8 last leaf just visible. Stem Extension -- Boot: Stage 9 ligule of last leaf; Stage 10 in &quot;boot&quot;. Heading: Stage 10.1; Stage 10.5 flowering. Ripening: Stage 11.\" width=\"995\" height=\"636\" srcset=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/grains-oilseeds\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2013\/07\/feekes-scale.jpg 995w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/grains-oilseeds\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2013\/07\/feekes-scale-300x192.jpg 300w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/grains-oilseeds\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2013\/07\/feekes-scale-768x491.jpg 768w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/grains-oilseeds\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2013\/07\/feekes-scale-105x67.jpg 105w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/grains-oilseeds\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2013\/07\/feekes-scale-317x203.jpg 317w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/grains-oilseeds\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2013\/07\/feekes-scale-423x270.jpg 423w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/grains-oilseeds\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2013\/07\/feekes-scale-634x405.jpg 634w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/grains-oilseeds\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2013\/07\/feekes-scale-846x541.jpg 846w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/grains-oilseeds\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2013\/07\/feekes-scale-951x608.jpg 951w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 320px) 85vw, (max-width: 768px) 67vw, (max-width: 1024px) 62vw,995px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>B. Curran and D. Lingenfelter, cords., The Penn State Agronomy Guide (University Park: Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences, 2013).<\/p>\n<h4><b>Developmental Stages (Feekes Scale) and Associated Management Practices<\/b><\/h4>\n<p><b>Feekes 1 \u2013 Emergence and First leaf<br \/>\n<\/b>This phase begins with the emergence of the first leaf and ends when tillering begins, usually after 3-4 leaves have emerged from the main stem. At this stage, check plants for uniform emergence and plant stands. If weeds will be managed with tine harrowing (i.e. Lely or Kovar), harrow either before the plants emerge (before Feekes 1) or after plants have 2-3 leaves, or at both times. Do not harrow when the plants have only 1-2 leaves because they are easily dislodged or buried. If managing weeds with herbicides, this is a good time to assess weed pressure.<\/p>\n<p><b>Feekes 2-3 \u2013 Tillering<br \/>\n<\/b>The main shoots of cereals produce side shoots called tillers. Each tiller can develop into a stem with a seed head although it is common for some tillers to die depending on growing conditions. Fall planted grains typically start tillering in the fall and resume tillering the following spring. If plant stands are thin in early spring, consider topdressing nitrogen as early as possible to enhance tillering and increase yields.<\/p>\n<p><b>F<\/b><b>eekes 4-5 \u2013 Pseudo-stem grows upright<br \/>\n<\/b>After tillering, the plant\u2019s pseudo-stem (formed by the sheaths of the leaves) begins to lengthen and grow upright. Topressing nitrogen at this stage to increases grain protein levels and yields. This is also the time to apply many post-emergence herbicides for weed control.<\/p>\n<p><b>Feekes 6 \u2013 Jointing begins<br \/>\n<\/b>The plant starts to grow upward via the extension of the stem between nodes. At this stage, the first node is visible at the base of the shoot indicating that the seed head is moving up the stem. This is the cutoff stage for applying certain herbicides. It is also the stage when driving over the crop starts to cause damage because the seedhead is now above the soil surface.<\/p>\n<p><b>Feekes 7 \u2013 Second node of stem visible<br \/>\n<\/b>Jointing continues with the extension of the stem under the first node. Two nodes are now visible.<\/p>\n<p><b>Feekes 8 \u2013 Flagleaf visible<br \/>\n<\/b>The flagleaf is the last leaf to emerge and is responsible for the majority of the photosynthesis for grain fill. To determine if an emerging leaf is the flag leaf, split the leaf sheath and observe the head\u2019s placement. If the head is visible, and no additional leaves are inside the stem, the plant is at Feekes 8. Now is the time to decide if a fungicide application is warranted to protect the flagleaf once it is fully emerged.<\/p>\n<p><b>Feekes 9 \u2013 Ligule of flagleaf visible<br \/>\n<\/b>At this stage, the flag leaf has fully emerged from the whorl. The flag leaf sheath will extend and the head will begin to swell.<\/p>\n<p><b>Feekes 10 \u2013 Boot stage, heading, and flowering<br \/>\n<\/b>The plant enters the boot stage once the head develops and is visible as a swollen area of the leaf sheath below the flagleaf. The boot stage is further divided to describe the heading and flowering process. Some important stages are:<\/p>\n<p>10.0 \u2013 Boot stage<br \/>\n10.1 \u2013 Awns just visible, heads emerging through slit of flagleaf sheath<br \/>\n10.3 \u2013 Heading \u00bd complete<br \/>\n10.5 \u2013 Heading complete &#8211; heads fully emerged<br \/>\n10.5.1 \u2013 Beginning of flowering (wheat)<br \/>\n10.5.4 \u2013 Flowering complete, kernel watery ripe<\/p>\n<p>Cereal grains are most susceptible to Fusarium head blight (scab) during flowering. If fungicides will be used to suppress the disease, Feekes 10.5.1 for wheat, and 10.5 for barley is the optimum time to apply them.<\/p>\n<p><b>Feekes 11 \u2013 Ripening<br \/>\n<\/b>11.1 \u2013 Milky ripe \u2013 kernel exudes milky liquid when squeezed<br \/>\n11.2 \u2013 Mealy ripe \u2013 kernel contents are soft but dry<br \/>\n11.3 \u2013 Kernel hard \u2013 kernel is hard to divide with thumbnail<br \/>\n11.4 \u2013 Kernel is ripe for cutting and straw is dead<\/p>\n<p>For more information see: University of Minnesota P.M. <a href=\"https:\/\/conservancy.umn.edu\/handle\/11299\/165839\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Growth and Development Guide for Spring Barley<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/conservancy.umn.edu\/handle\/11299\/165834\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Growth and Development Guide for Spring Wheat<\/a>. These guides include a description of another commonly used developmental scale, the Zadok scale, and compare it to the Feekes scale.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><a name=\"fusarium\"><\/a>Fusarium Head Scab and Vomitoxin (DON)<\/h3>\n<p><i>Steven B. Johnson, Ph.D., Crops Specialist, UMaine Extension <\/i><\/p>\n<h4><b>Fusarium Head Scab<\/b><\/h4>\n<p>Fusarium Head Scab is caused the fungus <i>Fusarium graminearum<\/i>. The pathogen may infect heads of small grain (oats, rye, but most notably wheat and barley) from flowering through kernel development. The majority of the infection occurs during flowering or heading. Growing conditions with high rainfall and long periods of high humidity during grain flowering and early grain fill provide an ideal environment for the pathogen to infect small grain heads. Ripening grain fields under ideal infection conditions may show Fusarium Head Scab symptoms (photo 1). Field symptoms include premature bleaching of individual spiklets, some of the head or all of the head. Infected kernels are shriveled. Severe cases of Fusarium Head Scab may show a salmon-colored mass of the pathogen at the base of some glumes (photo 2). The disease will reduce yield and test weight (photo 3). More importantly, the pathogen produces a mycotoxin called deoxynivalenol (DON), more commonly know as vomitoxin. There are no resistant varieties but some do show more tolerance than others.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>Click on the images below to view enlargements.<\/em><\/p>\n<figure id=\"915\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/grains-oilseeds\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2013\/07\/FHB-photo-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-915\" src=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/grains-oilseeds\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2013\/07\/FHB-photo-1-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Grain showing Fusarium Head Scab symptoms\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/grains-oilseeds\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2013\/07\/FHB-photo-1-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/grains-oilseeds\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2013\/07\/FHB-photo-1-105x79.jpg 105w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/grains-oilseeds\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2013\/07\/FHB-photo-1-317x238.jpg 317w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/grains-oilseeds\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2013\/07\/FHB-photo-1-423x317.jpg 423w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/grains-oilseeds\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2013\/07\/FHB-photo-1.jpg 493w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 320px) 85vw, (max-width: 768px) 67vw, (max-width: 1024px) 62vw,300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo 1<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"914\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/grains-oilseeds\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2013\/07\/FHB-photo-2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-914 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/grains-oilseeds\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2013\/07\/FHB-photo-2-251x300.jpg\" alt=\"Severe cases of Fusarium Head Scab\" width=\"251\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/grains-oilseeds\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2013\/07\/FHB-photo-2-251x300.jpg 251w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/grains-oilseeds\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2013\/07\/FHB-photo-2-105x126.jpg 105w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/grains-oilseeds\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2013\/07\/FHB-photo-2-317x379.jpg 317w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/grains-oilseeds\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2013\/07\/FHB-photo-2.jpg 357w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 320px) 85vw, (max-width: 768px) 67vw, (max-width: 1024px) 62vw,251px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo 2<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"916\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/grains-oilseeds\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2013\/07\/FHB-photo-3.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-916\" src=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/grains-oilseeds\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2013\/07\/FHB-photo-3-300x121.jpg\" alt=\"healthy grains on left; smaller grains affected by Fusarium Head Scab on right\" width=\"300\" height=\"121\" srcset=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/grains-oilseeds\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2013\/07\/FHB-photo-3-300x121.jpg 300w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/grains-oilseeds\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2013\/07\/FHB-photo-3-105x42.jpg 105w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/grains-oilseeds\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2013\/07\/FHB-photo-3-317x128.jpg 317w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/grains-oilseeds\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2013\/07\/FHB-photo-3.jpg 351w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 320px) 85vw, (max-width: 768px) 67vw, (max-width: 1024px) 62vw,300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo 3<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Weather is dominant factor in determining the threat of <i>Fusarium graminearum<\/i> infection when the pathogen is present. The dominant factor determining if the pathogen is present is the proximity to corn, especially no till or minimum till corn.<\/p>\n<h4><b>Vomitoxin<\/b><\/h4>\n<p>While the presence of Fusarium Head Scab does not mean the presence of vomitoxin, one can expect high levels of vomitoxin from grain with high levels of Fusarium Head Scab. Humans and animals can get sick from eating grain or grain products with vomitoxin present. Vomitoxin can cause feed refusal in animals and additional problems in lactating or breeding animals. Anyone eating or feeding grain should have the grain tested as varying end uses have varying advisory levels for vomitoxin.<\/p>\n<h4><b>Vomitoxin Levels<br \/>\n<\/b><\/h4>\n<p>The Food and Drug Administration has established vomitoxin advisory levels as follows:<\/p>\n<p>Finished grain products for human consumption: 1 ppm<br \/>\nCattle, over 4 months old (less than 50 percent of diet): 10 ppm<br \/>\nPoultry (less than 50 percent of diet): 10 ppm<br \/>\nSwine (less than 20 percent of diet): 5 ppm<br \/>\nOther animals (less than 40 percent of diet): 5 ppm<\/p>\n<p>Other parts of the world have these levels as statutes. They are advisory levels in the US. Market forces often demand these or lower levels of vomitoxin. A laboratory test is the only way to confirm the level of vomitoxin in grain.<\/p>\n<h4><b>Selected Barley Plant Health Medicines<\/b><\/h4>\n<p>There are plant health medicines to reduce Fusarium Head Scab and vomitoxin levels. These have shown more benefit under milder epidemics and they all need the addition of a NIS at a 1% v\/v. The timings of the applications are critical as is the nozzle angle. For example, barley planted from May 3, 2012 to May 9, 2012 was at Feeke\u2019s growth stage 10.3 on June 29, 2012. Barley planted from May 18, 2012 to May 24, 2012 was at Feeke\u2019s growth stage 5 to 6 on June 29, 2012. I am working on incorporating models into predictive system to predict the risk of Fusarium Head Scab as well as the timing of control materials.<\/p>\n<p>Research has shown that tilting the nozzles at 30 to 60 degree angle has drastically improved control. I would recommend this if it is at all possible. The best control was obtained with forward and reverse facing nozzles.<\/p>\n<p><b>Net blotch<br \/>\n<\/b>Stratego:<br \/>\nStratego (7 oz\/A) can be applied up to when the ligule of the flag leaf emerges. This is up to Feeke\u2019s growth stage 8.<\/p>\n<p><b>Head scab and Net blotch<br \/>\n<\/b>Prosaro:<br \/>\nProsaro (6.5 \u2013 8.2 oz\/A) is best applied when the heads are fully emerged. This is Feeke\u2019s growth stage 10.5.<\/p>\n<p>Data from 2011 appear in Table 1. Net returns from the application of controls for Head scab and Net blotch are in dollars per acre.<\/p>\n<p><b>Table 1. 2011 field trials on Fusarium Head Scab control <\/b><\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"3\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" scope=\"col\" align=\"left\" valign=\"top\"><b>Treatment<\/b><\/th>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" scope=\"col\" align=\"left\" valign=\"top\"><b>Bu\/A<\/b><\/th>\n<th style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" scope=\"col\" align=\"left\" valign=\"top\"><b>Net Return over Untreated<\/b><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\">Stratego<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">58.4<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">$79.56<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\">Prosaro<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">85.7<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">$72.94<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\">Prosaro + Stratego<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">93.6<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">$90.39<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\">Headline<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">88.3<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">$67.23<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\">Copper<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">68.9<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">$14.88<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\">Untreated<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">54.9<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">$0.00<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4><b>Crop Insurance<br \/>\n<\/b><\/h4>\n<p>There are crop insurance policies for mycotoxin in grain. If a grower has such a policy, they need to contact their insurance carrier as there are specific requirements as to when the grain must be sampled.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><em>Information on this website is provided purely for educational purposes. No responsibility is assumed for any problems associated with the use of products or services mentioned. No endorsement of products or companies is intended, nor is criticism of unnamed products or companies implied.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u00a9 2013<\/p>\n<p><strong>Call 800.287.0274 or TDD 800.287.8957 (in Maine), or 207.581.3188, for information on publications and program offerings from University of Maine Cooperative Extension, or visit <a href=\"http:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\">extension.umaine.edu<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In this issue: Staging Cereal Grains Fusarium Head Scab and Vomitoxin (DON) Dear Grower, In consideration of the weather we\u2019ve had for sowing spring cereal crops, this issue will address some important tools in which to help manage your crops. With the alternating wet and dry spells much of us have experienced during planting season, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":10,"menu_order":9,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"templates\/page-withsidebar.php","meta":{"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-20","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Maine Grain and Oilseed Newsletter, Vol. 1, No. 3 - June 2013 - Cooperative Extension: Grains, Pulses &amp; Oilseeds - University of Maine Cooperative Extension<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/grains-oilseeds\/newsletter\/vol1-no3\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Maine Grain and Oilseed Newsletter, Vol. 1, No. 3 - June 2013 - Cooperative Extension: Grains, Pulses &amp; Oilseeds - University of Maine Cooperative Extension\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In this issue: Staging Cereal Grains Fusarium Head Scab and Vomitoxin (DON) Dear Grower, In consideration of the weather we\u2019ve had for sowing spring cereal crops, this issue will address some important tools in which to help manage your crops. With the alternating wet and dry spells much of us have experienced during planting season, [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/grains-oilseeds\/newsletter\/vol1-no3\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Cooperative Extension: Grains, Pulses &amp; Oilseeds\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2021-07-28T11:55:15+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/grains-oilseeds\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2013\/07\/feekes-scale.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"9 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/grains-oilseeds\/newsletter\/vol1-no3\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/grains-oilseeds\/newsletter\/vol1-no3\/\",\"name\":\"Maine Grain and Oilseed Newsletter, Vol. 1, No. 3 - June 2013 - Cooperative Extension: Grains, Pulses &amp; Oilseeds - University of Maine Cooperative Extension\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/grains-oilseeds\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/grains-oilseeds\/newsletter\/vol1-no3\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/grains-oilseeds\/newsletter\/vol1-no3\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/grains-oilseeds\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2013\/07\/feekes-scale.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2013-07-11T12:50:16+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-07-28T11:55:15+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/grains-oilseeds\/newsletter\/vol1-no3\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/grains-oilseeds\/newsletter\/vol1-no3\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/grains-oilseeds\/newsletter\/vol1-no3\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/grains-oilseeds\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2013\/07\/feekes-scale.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/grains-oilseeds\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2013\/07\/feekes-scale.jpg\",\"width\":995,\"height\":636,\"caption\":\"Illustration of Feekes Scale. Seedling: Stage 1 one shoot. Tillering: Stage 2 tillering begins; Stage 3 tillers formed; Stage 4 leaf-sheaths lengthen; Stage 5 leaf-sheaths strongly erected. Stem Extension -- Jointing: Stage 6 first node of stem visible; Stage 7 second node of stem visible; Stage 8 last leaf just visible. Stem Extension -- Boot: Stage 9 ligule of last leaf; Stage 10 in \\\"boot\\\". Heading: Stage 10.1; Stage 10.5 flowering. 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