{"id":3967,"date":"2010-12-22T12:00:23","date_gmt":"2010-12-22T17:00:23","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/ipm\/"},"modified":"2023-02-03T15:37:12","modified_gmt":"2023-02-03T20:37:12","slug":"5024e","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/ipm\/ipddl\/publications\/5024e\/","title":{"rendered":"Spongy Moth (Lymantria Dispar)"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3><div class=\"printfriendly pf-button  pf-alignleft\">\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/ipm\/ipddl\/publications\/5024e\/?pfstyle=wp\" rel=\"nofollow\" onclick=\"pfTrackEvent(&#039;Spongy Moth (Lymantria Dispar)&#039;); return false;\" title=\"Printer Friendly, PDF & Email\">\n                    <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"pf-button-img\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.printfriendly.com\/buttons\/printfriendly-pdf-email-button-notext.png\" alt=\"Print Friendly, PDF & Email\" style=\"width: 110px;height: 30px;\"  \/>\n                    <\/a>\n                <\/div><\/h3>\n<h3>Pest Management Fact Sheet #5024<\/h3>\n<p><em>James F. Dill, Pest Management Specialist<br \/>\nClay A. Kirby, Insect Diagnostician<br \/>\nCharles D. Armstrong, Cranberry Professional &amp; Staff Entomologist<br \/>\n<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>For information about UMaine Extension programs and resources, visit <a href=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/\">extension.umaine.edu<\/a>.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Find more of our publications and books at <a href=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/\">extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/<\/a>.<\/strong> \u00a0 <strong><span style=\"font-family: Arial;font-size: xx-small\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<h3>Description &amp; Biology<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Spongy moth<\/strong><em> (Lymantria dispar)<\/em> caterpillars feed on most hardwood trees, except ash. They prefer oak, poplar, gray birch and fruit trees. When half grown or larger, the larvae are also likely to feed on evergreens. As the number of Spongy moth larvae in an area increases, their favorite food sources start to become depleted. The larvae are then likely to feed on a variety of ornamental trees and shrubs.<\/p>\n<p>Healthy hardwoods can usually withstand two to three years of defoliation.\u00a0 However, secondary attack by insects or diseases can shorten or affect the life of weakened trees. Weakened, diseased, insect-damaged or shaded trees, particularly those already struggling with poor soil or moisture conditions, are especially vulnerable.\u00a0 Severely defoliated evergreens are less likely to survive than are other kinds of trees.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 {\n\t\t\t\tmargin: auto;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 .gallery-item {\n\t\t\t\tfloat: left;\n\t\t\t\tmargin-top: 10px;\n\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\n\t\t\t\twidth: 25%;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 img {\n\t\t\t\tborder: 2px solid #cfcfcf;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 .gallery-caption {\n\t\t\t\tmargin-left: 0;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\/* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes\/media.php *\/\n\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t<div id='gallery-1' class='gallery galleryid-3967 gallery-columns-4 gallery-size-medium'><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/ipm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/44\/2015\/06\/Gypsy-Moth-Female.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"235\" height=\"152\" src=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/ipm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/44\/2015\/06\/Gypsy-Moth-Female.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"Spongy Moth Female\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-14150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/ipm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/44\/2015\/06\/Gypsy-Moth-Female.jpg 235w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/ipm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/44\/2015\/06\/Gypsy-Moth-Female-105x68.jpg 105w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 320px) 85vw, (max-width: 768px) 67vw, (max-width: 1024px) 62vw,235px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-14150'>\n\t\t\t\t<i>Lymantria dispar<\/i> Female\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/ipm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/44\/2015\/06\/Gypsy-Moth-Male.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"238\" height=\"194\" src=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/ipm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/44\/2015\/06\/Gypsy-Moth-Male.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"Spongy Moth Male\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-14158\" srcset=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/ipm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/44\/2015\/06\/Gypsy-Moth-Male.jpg 238w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/ipm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/44\/2015\/06\/Gypsy-Moth-Male-105x86.jpg 105w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 320px) 85vw, (max-width: 768px) 67vw, (max-width: 1024px) 62vw,238px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-14158'>\n\t\t\t\t<i>Lymantria dispar<\/i> Male\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/ipm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/44\/2015\/06\/Gypsy-Moth-Caterpillar.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"203\" src=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/ipm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/44\/2015\/06\/Gypsy-Moth-Caterpillar-300x203.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"Spongy Moth Caterpillar\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-14152\" srcset=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/ipm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/44\/2015\/06\/Gypsy-Moth-Caterpillar-300x203.jpg 300w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/ipm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/44\/2015\/06\/Gypsy-Moth-Caterpillar-105x71.jpg 105w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/ipm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/44\/2015\/06\/Gypsy-Moth-Caterpillar-317x214.jpg 317w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/ipm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/44\/2015\/06\/Gypsy-Moth-Caterpillar.jpg 330w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 320px) 85vw, (max-width: 768px) 67vw, (max-width: 1024px) 62vw,300px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-14152'>\n\t\t\t\t<i>Lymantria dispar<\/i> Caterpillar\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/ipm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/44\/2015\/06\/Gypsy-Moth-Egg-Mass.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"202\" height=\"132\" src=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/ipm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/44\/2015\/06\/Gypsy-Moth-Egg-Mass.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"Spongy Moth Egg Mass\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-14159\" srcset=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/ipm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/44\/2015\/06\/Gypsy-Moth-Egg-Mass.jpg 202w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/ipm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/44\/2015\/06\/Gypsy-Moth-Egg-Mass-105x69.jpg 105w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 320px) 85vw, (max-width: 768px) 67vw, (max-width: 1024px) 62vw,202px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-14159'>\n\t\t\t\t<i>Lymantria dispar<\/i> Egg Mass\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p>Spongy moth infestations have historically been heaviest in central and southern Maine, but recently their numbers have been very heavy in western Maine as well.\u00a0 In addition to defoliating trees, they are also nuisance pests because of wandering caterpillars, droppings, pupal cases and egg masses on homes and the spinning\/ballooning down of young caterpillars.\u00a0 Tiny hairs from the caterpillars can irritate the skin of some people.\u00a0 In some cases, severe reactions result in rashes and\/or itching, not unlike the reactions to the hairs of the dreaded browntail moth caterpillars, another tree pest in the same family of moths (family Erebidae).\u00a0 If consulted, a doctor should be informed of the possibility of contact with caterpillar hairs from the Erebidae family.<\/p>\n<p>Overwintering Spongy moth eggs hatch in May.\u00a0 The young, 1\/16-inch, hairy, black caterpillars have a small knob on each side of the head and are first seen near clusters of eggs.\u00a0 It takes up to a month for all of the eggs to hatch.\u00a0 For this reason, it is common to find caterpillars of various sizes coexisting together at any given time. The larvae soon crawl into treetops, where they spin down on lines of silk to be blown to new places.<\/p>\n<p>Feeding by the young caterpillars on the underside of leaves usually goes unnoticed.\u00a0 By the time they are half grown, \u00be to 1 inch long, entire leaves are often eaten.\u00a0 At this stage, the caterpillars are mostly black, except for orange markings down their backs.\u00a0 Careful selection and use of insecticides and biological controls at this time can provide effective control of wind-blown caterpillars.<\/p>\n<p>The caterpillars molt five or six times before pupation.\u00a0 When the caterpillars are 1 inch or more in length, their feeding is more noticeable. At night and\/or on cool days, they move up into the trees to feed.\u00a0 During hot, dry and sunny days, they move down to rest on lower branches, trunks or on lawns.<\/p>\n<p>The late stage caterpillars are hairy, dark and easily distinguished by five pairs of blue spots on the front body segments and six pairs of red spots on the back body segments. Fully grown larvae are 1 \u00bd to 2 \u00bd inches long.\u00a0 About 70 percent of their food is consumed during this stage of their development.\u00a0 The mature caterpillars are able to strip a tree overnight.<\/p>\n<p>In July, the mature larvae seek protected places of almost any kind to form their reddish brown pupae. Male pupae are about \u00be inch long and female pupae are about 1 inch long.\u00a0 Ten to 15 days following pupation, the moths emerge.<\/p>\n<p>Male spongy moths are excellent flyers.\u00a0 They are usually dark brown.\u00a0 Their front wings display black, wavy bands and V-shaped markings while their hind wings are light brown but trimmed with dark brown.\u00a0 Their wingspan is about 1\u00bd inches.\u00a0 The male moths have conspicuous, feather-like antennae.<\/p>\n<p>Female spongy moths are larger than males and predominantly white with a few faint, wavy brown or black bands and V-shaped markings on the front wings.\u00a0 Marginal dark spots are found on both the front and hind wings.\u00a0 They have a wingspan of 2 to 2\u00bd inches yet they cannot fly.<\/p>\n<p>Because they cannot fly, female spongy moths do not move far from their own pupation site in order to lay their 500 or more eggs.\u00a0 The eggs are covered with a tan, velvet-like mass constructed from the female moth&#8217;s hairs.\u00a0 Spongy moth overwinters in the egg stage.\u00a0 Moths die soon after mating and egg-laying.\u00a0 There is only one generation of Spongy moth per year.<\/p>\n<p>Several factors can affect Spongy moth populations: weather, predators, parasites and diseases.\u00a0 One night of -20\u00b0F or colder kills many of the overwintering eggs if they&#8217;re not covered with snow.<\/p>\n<h3>Management<\/h3>\n<h4><strong>Mechanical<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Eggs can be crushed, but it is difficult to crush all of the eggs in an egg mass that happens to be on bark or on a similarly rough surface.\u00a0 Eggs can also be scraped away or otherwise removed and destroyed.\u00a0 They must not be allowed to fall to the ground, where protective snow cover will increase their chance of survival and subsequent hatching.<\/p>\n<p>Burlap can be wrapped around the trunks of trees to collect caterpillars and prevent them from climbing onto branches to feed.\u00a0 Collected caterpillars can then be killed.\u00a0 Crushing any female moths, caterpillars, pupae or eggs helps protect ornamental trees, but only if a high percentage of the population is killed.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Barriers<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Commercially available sticky petroleum materials are available to keep caterpillars from getting into the canopy of trees.\u00a0 Tin, plastic, etc., can be placed around the tree trunk to accomplish the same purpose.\u00a0 Some people put petroleum jelly, oil or grease on the wrappings for additional protection, but greasy substances must be kept off the trees themselves and removed when the caterpillars are gone.\u00a0 Most petroleum products, sticky products, oil, grease or diesel fuel should not be put directly onto trees, because they will penetrate into the bark.\u00a0 This is especially true of younger trees. Trees four inches in diameter have been killed in only one season when grease was applied to their bark.\u00a0 If grease does get on the bark, scrape it off as soon as possible and keep it off the ground to avoid contaminating the tree&#8217;s root zone.\u00a0 Barriers are most effective when: the tree is isolated, only a few caterpillars are in the tree when the barrier is applied, or an insecticide was recently applied.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Insecticides<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Insecticides such as Bt (<em>Bacillus thuringiensis; <\/em>for young larvae), neem, spinosad, carbaryl (Sevin\u00ae), cyfluthrin, orthene, and malathion can be used to control caterpillars. Spray anytime caterpillars are present, but for optimal results, spray <em>before<\/em> they are half grown at \u00be to 1 inch long. Foliage should be sprayed in late afternoon or early evening for best results and for the greatest protection of bees, predators and parasites.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: medium\"><strong>When Using Pesticides<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong>ALWAYS FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS!<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Pest Management Unit<br \/>\nCooperative Extension Diagnostic and Research Laboratory<br \/>\n17 Godfrey Drive, Orono, ME 04473<br \/>\n1.800.287.0279 (in Maine)<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><em>Information in this publication is provided purely for educational purposes. No responsibility is assumed for any problems associated with the use of products or services mentioned. No endorsement of products or companies is intended, nor is criticism of unnamed products or companies implied.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u00a9 2016, 2018 | Reviewed and Revised: 2022, 2023<\/p>\n<p><strong>Call 800.287.0274 (in Maine), or 207.581.3188, for information on publications and program offerings from University of Maine Cooperative Extension, or visit <a href=\"http:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\">extension.umaine.edu<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>In complying with the letter and spirit of applicable laws and pursuing its own goals of diversity, the University of Maine System does not discriminate on the grounds of race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, transgender status, gender, gender identity or expression, ethnicity, national origin, citizenship status, familial status, ancestry, age, disability physical or mental, genetic information, or veterans or military status in employment, education, and all other programs and activities. The University provides reasonable accommodations to qualified individuals with disabilities upon request. The following person has been designated to handle inquiries regarding non-discrimination policies: Director of Equal Opportunity, 101 Boudreau Hall, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469-5754, 207.581.1226, TTY 711 (Maine Relay System).<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pest Management Fact Sheet #5024 James F. Dill, Pest Management Specialist Clay A. Kirby, Insect Diagnostician Charles D. Armstrong, Cranberry Professional &amp; Staff Entomologist For information about UMaine Extension programs and resources, visit extension.umaine.edu. Find more of our publications and books at extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/. \u00a0 Description &amp; Biology Spongy moth (Lymantria dispar) caterpillars feed on most [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":3249,"menu_order":28,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3967","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Spongy Moth (Lymantria Dispar) - Cooperative Extension: Insect Pests, Ticks and Plant Diseases - University of Maine Cooperative Extension<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/ipm\/ipddl\/publications\/5024e\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Spongy Moth (Lymantria Dispar) - Cooperative Extension: Insect Pests, Ticks and Plant Diseases - University of Maine Cooperative Extension\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Pest Management Fact Sheet #5024 James F. 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Dill, Pest Management Specialist Clay A. Kirby, Insect Diagnostician Charles D. Armstrong, Cranberry Professional &amp; Staff Entomologist For information about UMaine Extension programs and resources, visit extension.umaine.edu. 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