{"id":4036,"date":"2014-12-22T15:07:04","date_gmt":"2014-12-22T20:07:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/?page_id=4036"},"modified":"2018-11-08T19:53:20","modified_gmt":"2018-11-08T19:53:20","slug":"eliminating-chronic-disease-using-a-farmbased-approach-caseous-lymphadenitis","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/sheep-and-goats\/eliminating-chronic-disease-using-a-farmbased-approach-caseous-lymphadenitis\/","title":{"rendered":"Eliminating Chronic Disease Using a Farmbased Approach: Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL)"},"content":{"rendered":"<blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/CL-SARE-project.pdf\"><strong>Eliminating Chronic Disease Using a Farmbased Approach: Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL)<\/strong> (PDF)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><strong>SARE Farmer Grant Final Report 2014<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><em>By Anne Lichtenwalner DVM Ph.D., University of Maine Cooperative Extension, and Animal and Veterinary Sciences<\/em><\/p>\n<h4><strong>CL: What is it?<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li>\u201cCheesy gland\u201d: Chronic bacterial infection Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis\n<ul>\n<li>Stays in the immune system<\/li>\n<li>May cause skin or internal abscesses<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Can be spread from animal to animal:\n<ul>\n<li>Must have skin penetration<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<figure id=\"4041\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4041 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-1-300x213.jpg\" alt=\"graphic of the location of lymph nodes on a goat\" width=\"300\" height=\"213\" srcset=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-1-300x213.jpg 300w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-1-105x75.jpg 105w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-1-317x226.jpg 317w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-1-423x301.jpg 423w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-1.jpg 492w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 320px) 85vw, (max-width: 768px) 67vw, (max-width: 1024px) 62vw,300px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The location of lymph nodes on a goat.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Persistent in the environment<\/li>\n<li>Use antibody response to test for the presence of bacteria in unvaccinated animals<\/li>\n<li>Vaccines are available; not highly effective<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis: lymph nodes<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>External: Firm, dry abscesses- slow to develop<\/li>\n<li>Internal: Weight loss, coughing<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4><strong>CL: Internal abscesses (goat at necropsy)<\/strong><\/h4>\n<figure id=\"4045\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-4045\" src=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-2-300x223.jpg\" alt=\"Chest wall lifted away from lungs to show inflammation due to CL abscess.\" width=\"300\" height=\"223\" srcset=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-2-300x223.jpg 300w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-2-768x570.jpg 768w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-2-105x78.jpg 105w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-2-317x235.jpg 317w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-2-423x314.jpg 423w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-2-634x471.jpg 634w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-2-846x628.jpg 846w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-2.jpg 924w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 320px) 85vw, (max-width: 768px) 67vw, (max-width: 1024px) 62vw,300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chest wall lifted away from lungs to show inflammation due to CL abscess.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"4048\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-3.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-4048\" src=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-3-300x224.jpg\" alt=\"Lung tissue with CL internal abscess (opened) showing dry exudate.\" width=\"300\" height=\"224\" srcset=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-3-300x224.jpg 300w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-3-768x573.jpg 768w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-3-105x78.jpg 105w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-3-317x237.jpg 317w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-3-423x316.jpg 423w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-3-634x473.jpg 634w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-3-846x632.jpg 846w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-3-500x375.jpg 500w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-3.jpg 908w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 320px) 85vw, (max-width: 768px) 67vw, (max-width: 1024px) 62vw,300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lung tissue with CL internal abscess (opened) showing dry exudate.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h4><strong>CL: How contagious is it?<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><strong>Transmissibility<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Direct inoculation of bacteria into new host\n<ul>\n<li>Cut or ulcer, contact with exudate<\/li>\n<li>Bites from flies that have contacted exudate<\/li>\n<li>Rubbing on a tree, etc. that has exudate on it<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Inhalation of infected secretions\n<ul>\n<li>Sheep with bronchial lymph node abscesses: coughing<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Milk?\n<ul>\n<li>If mammary lymph infections present<\/li>\n<li>See more recent info (below)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Treatment<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Vaccines or antitoxins:\n<ul>\n<li>Don\u2019t prevent or cure, but may decrease abscesses<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Immune clearance ineffective\n<ul>\n<li>Toxins overcome normal immune defenses<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\u201cHides out\u201d inside cells\n<ul>\n<li>Uptaken by macrophages; survives and is spread to lymph nodes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Antibiotics\n<ul>\n<li>In vitro, many are effective<\/li>\n<li>In vivo, nothing works: food animal limitations re antibiotics<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Rifampin with tetracycline was useful in early infection<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><em>Sources: <\/em><br \/>\n<em>Judson et al, 1991. Veterinary Microbiology 27(2): 145-150. <\/em><br \/>\n<em>Senturk and Temizel, 2006. Veterinary Record 159(7): 216-217<\/em><\/p>\n<h4><strong>CL: How long does it last on my farm?<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><strong>Non-spore former, but environmentally stable<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>C. pseudotuberculosis<\/em> wasn\u2019t killed by 4 months in soil samples containing exudate from CL abscesses, and after 11 months in sterilized soil samples (40\u00ba F, 72\u00ba F, 98 \u00ba F and ambient conditions).<\/li>\n<li><em>C. pseudotuberculosis<\/em> was killed after 3 hours in chlorinated tap water but could survive up to 70 hours in distilled water.<\/li>\n<li>Disinfectants: many are effective against CL after a thorough cleaning of surfaces. However: <em>rough surfaces such as wood may be impossible to disinfect.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-4.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-4058 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-4-300x264.jpg\" alt=\"a hand holding up a petri dish\" width=\"300\" height=\"264\" srcset=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-4-300x264.jpg 300w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-4-105x92.jpg 105w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-4-317x279.jpg 317w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-4.jpg 360w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 320px) 85vw, (max-width: 768px) 67vw, (max-width: 1024px) 62vw,300px\" \/><\/a>CL: Can I detect or prevent it?<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><strong>Detection<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Exposed animals: PLD antibodies\n<ul>\n<li>Test-based on detecting antibodies<\/li>\n<li>\u201cSeropositives\u201d carry the bacteria<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Prevention<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Vaccines not 100% effective\n<ul>\n<li>Boosters, accurate records needed<\/li>\n<li>Vaccine will NOT cure, only help prevent abscesses<\/li>\n<li>Using vaccine creates \u201cseropositives\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Testing and culling seropositives: best method\n<ul>\n<li><em>But will this work for all farms?<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><strong>Trial Methods<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><strong>SARE Grant: CL in Sheep<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Visit farm: use farm vet if possible<\/li>\n<li>Test sheep: 0 and at least 60 days<\/li>\n<li>Initial SHI tests were done by Washington State University<\/li>\n<li>Report results (farm ID confidential)<\/li>\n<li>Consultation\n<ul>\n<li>Biosecurity<\/li>\n<li>Tailor methods to farm type<\/li>\n<li>Survey<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>SHI test method developed at UMaine lab in Orono\n<ul>\n<li>Supports local industry<\/li>\n<li>Create easier access to vigilance methods<\/li>\n<li>Validate CL-free status for producers<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Farm types tested<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Breeds: Many<\/li>\n<li>Products: Fiber, meat, milk<\/li>\n<li>Biosecurity: Varied greatly<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>CL status<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>8 of 17 had positive animals at first test (47%)\n<ul>\n<li>22% of 705 sheep tested at least once were CL+<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>8 of 9 negative farms stayed negative (1 didn\u2019t retest). <em>Closed herd and good biosecurity essential<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Inability to run test locally interfered with outcome<\/li>\n<li>At follow-up, most of the positive farms had culled or isolated positive animals<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Biosecurity: example (Farm 2)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Breeding for fiber and meat: Animals may travel off farm: limited or no quarantine<\/li>\n<li>Tested \u201chome\u201d animals: all neg.<\/li>\n<li>Tested \u201creturned\u201d animals: 1 pos.<\/li>\n<li>Retested \u201chome\u201d animals: new positive<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Followup: culled all positives, implemented quarantine procedures for returning animals<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Trial Results<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><strong>Farmer compliance<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>All farmers directly contacted said they would cull\n<ul>\n<li>Follow-through really varied. \u201cFavorites\u201d or great producers were unlikely to be culled.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Most were unwilling to replace wooden feeders or other areas where CL transmission likely.<\/li>\n<li>Most thought their biosecurity was excellent<\/li>\n<li>All were highly concerned and involved in the success of their flocks<\/li>\n<li>Some of the 17 farms had camelids; none had goats<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Farmers resented \u201cbuying\u201d chronic disease<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cDo unto others\u201d was a strong motive<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><strong>Conclusions<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Prevalence higher than expected<\/li>\n<li>Does being CL-free add to value?\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cCaveat emptor\u201d: Selling CL free breeding stock=value<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Other species affected: goats, camelids\n<ul>\n<li>Be careful of guard animals: need testing, too<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Farm type dictates whether vaccination ok\n<ul>\n<li>Reluctance to cull is common<\/li>\n<li>Vaccination takes away possibility of testing<\/li>\n<li>No strategy works longterm without culling<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Biosecurity and determination dictate whether disease-free status is achievable<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><strong>Outcomes<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Awareness of CL increased\n<ul>\n<li>Added value of CL-free status<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Biosecurity templates in development\n<ul>\n<li>Google Earth model may help communications about farm layout and biosecurity<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>SHI method now in Orono on a research basis\n<ul>\n<li>Project continuing studying goat dairies in 2014-5<\/li>\n<li>Sheep testing available in 2015 if serum samples can be collected\/shipped to UMAHL (no charge for testing)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Decision Tree: Start by knowing your status\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Assess the cost<\/strong> of CL-free status for your farm<\/li>\n<li>May not work for everyone<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><strong>Outcomes: Recommendations<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Know the CL status of your flock: retest as needed<\/li>\n<li>Maintain closed flock\/herd with high biosecurity\n<ul>\n<li>Notify visitors about biosecurity<\/li>\n<li>Inform shearers about biosecurity<\/li>\n<li>New or returning animals:\n<ul>\n<li>Don\u2019t immediately mix with \u201chome\u201d flock\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u201cnose to nose H quaranIne\u201d<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>CL test immediately at entry and prior to release from quarantine (2 mo. later)\n<ul>\n<li>If positive, <strong>cull or sequester<\/strong> positives<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00bb Retest exposed animals at 2 months: cull if +<br \/>\n\u00bb <em>Keep quarantined<\/em> until all negative for CL at 2 consecutive tests 2 months apart<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Outcomes: Decision Tree<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-7.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-4071\" src=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-7-300x176.jpg\" alt=\"Decision Tree: New animal to CL- flock: genetics needed? Is source flock CL+? Yes: Don\u2019t buy or Quarantine and test at entry and 2 mo. No: Quarantine and test at entry and 2 mo.\" width=\"300\" height=\"176\" srcset=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-7-300x176.jpg 300w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-7-768x450.jpg 768w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-7-105x62.jpg 105w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-7-317x186.jpg 317w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-7-423x248.jpg 423w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-7-634x372.jpg 634w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-7-846x496.jpg 846w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-7-951x558.jpg 951w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-7.jpg 953w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 320px) 85vw, (max-width: 768px) 67vw, (max-width: 1024px) 62vw,300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h4><strong>Outcomes: Decision Tree<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-8.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-4073 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-8-300x204.jpg\" alt=\"Decision Tree: CL+ at end of quarantine? Yes: Slaughter or Sequester No shared spaces, feed, water, equipment; AI only (if a ram). No: Add to group Keep CL- via good biosecurity.\" width=\"300\" height=\"204\" srcset=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-8-300x204.jpg 300w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-8-768x521.jpg 768w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-8-105x71.jpg 105w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-8-317x215.jpg 317w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-8-423x287.jpg 423w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-8-634x430.jpg 634w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-8-846x574.jpg 846w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/livestock\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/36\/2014\/12\/cl-8.jpg 875w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 320px) 85vw, (max-width: 768px) 67vw, (max-width: 1024px) 62vw,300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h4><strong>Impacts<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Stopped CL on several farms\n<ul>\n<li>Estimated 20% improvement in fiber yields<\/li>\n<li>Potentially reduced carcass condemnation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Outreach to SR vets\n<ul>\n<li>Free testing may enhance communications<\/li>\n<li>Help establish VCPR with farmers<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Farmer-to-farmer:\n<ul>\n<li>Added value of CL-free stock<\/li>\n<li>Building biosecurity awareness<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Students\n<ul>\n<li>projects and experience<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><strong>Recent Undergrad Student Theses on SR<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Edith Kershner: Case study of sheep farms with or without CL.<\/li>\n<li>Abigail Royer: Detecting CL using complete blood counts.<\/li>\n<li>Amy Fish: Evaluating macrophage responses to CL.<\/li>\n<li>Rachel Chase: Evaluating neutrophil responses to CL.<\/li>\n<li>Cassandra Karcs: CL prevention in small ruminants.<\/li>\n<li>Hallie Lipinski: CL and its connection to milk.<\/li>\n<li>Anna Desmarais: Selenium and footrot prevalence.<\/li>\n<li>Alden West: Composting effects on coccidia.<\/li>\n<li>Alexandra Settele: Anthelmintic resistance in <em>H. contortus<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Amanda Chaney: Identification of internal parasites of sheep and goats<\/li>\n<li>Caitlin Minutolo: Effect of age on susceptibility to ovine footrot.<\/li>\n<li>Nicole Maher: CL webinar for producers<\/li>\n<li>Casey Athanas: Pedigree analysis to help eradicate footrot.<\/li>\n<li>Katrina Glaude: Should sheep with footrot be culled?<\/li>\n<li>Kayla Porcelli: Biosecurity survey for footrot positive farms<\/li>\n<li>Marie Smith: Pasture management to control parasites in small ruminants.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><strong>References<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Sheep and Goat, Wool and Mohair: 1982. Research reports, Texas A and M University.\n<ul>\n<li>Augustine JL and Renshaw HW. Longevity of <em>C. pseudotuberculosis<\/em> in six Texas soils. P 102<\/li>\n<li>Augustine JL, Richards AB, Renshaw HW. Persistence of <em>C. pseudotuberculosis<\/em> in water from various sources. P 104.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Assis RA, Lobato FCF, Martins NE, et al. Clostridial myonecrosis in sheep after caseous lymphadenitis vaccination. The Veterinary Record 2004;154:380-380.<\/li>\n<li>Paton MW, Walker SB, Rose IR, et al. Prevalence of caseous lymphadenitis and usage of caseous lymphadenitis vaccines in sheep flocks. Australian Veterinary Journal 2003;81:91-95.<\/li>\n<li>Fontaine MC, Baird G, Connor KM, et al. Vaccination confers significant protection of sheep against infection with a virulent United Kingdom strain of <em>Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis<\/em>. Vaccine 2006;24:5986-5996.<\/li>\n<li>Baird GJ, Malone FE. Control of caseous lymphadenitis in six sheep flocks using clinical examination and regular ELISA testing. The Veterinary Record 2010;166:358- 362.<\/li>\n<li>Washburn KE, Bissett WT, Fajt VR, et al. Comparison of three treatment regimens for sheep and goats with caseous lymphadenitis. Journal Of The American Veterinary Medical Association 2009;234:1162-1166.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><strong>Acknowledgements<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Collaborating Farmers of Maine<\/li>\n<li>Collaborating Veterinarians:\n<ul>\n<li>Drs. Becky Myers Law and colleagues<\/li>\n<li>Dr. Tammy Doughty<\/li>\n<li>Dr. Don McLean<\/li>\n<li>Dr. Beth McEvoy<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>NE SARE: Carol Delaney<\/li>\n<li>Extension colleagues: Richard Brzozowski and Donna Coffin<\/li>\n<li>Technical\/lab assistance:\n<ul>\n<li>Edith Kershner, Anne Ryan, Hallie Lipinski, Abbie Royer<\/li>\n<li>Ann Bryant<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>University of Maine Cooperative Extension<\/li>\n<li>University of Maine School of Food and Agriculture<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Eliminating Chronic Disease Using a Farmbased Approach: Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL) (PDF) SARE Farmer Grant Final Report 2014 By Anne Lichtenwalner DVM Ph.D., University of Maine Cooperative Extension, and Animal and Veterinary Sciences CL: What is it? \u201cCheesy gland\u201d: Chronic bacterial infection Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis Stays in the immune system May cause skin or internal abscesses Can [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":95,"featured_media":0,"parent":354,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"templates\/page-withsidebar.php","meta":{"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4036","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - 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