{"id":1649,"date":"2010-06-02T10:21:44","date_gmt":"2010-06-02T14:21:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/?page_id=1649"},"modified":"2025-08-25T11:51:06","modified_gmt":"2025-08-25T15:51:06","slug":"1010e","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/1010e\/","title":{"rendered":"Bulletin #1010, Equine Facts: Body Condition Scoring for Your Horse"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Developed by Craig H. Wood, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Kentucky. Adapted and reprinted with permission.<\/em>
<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Updated by Rachel White, Ph.D.,<\/em><\/em> Assistant Extension Professor, Sustainable Agriculture and Livestock Educator, University of Maine Cooperative Extension<\/em> (2025).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For information about UMaine Extension programs and resources, visit extension.umaine.edu<\/a>.<\/strong>
Find more of our publications and books at extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"4-Hers<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

In a world where millions of people are taking steps to improve their own physical condition in order to live healthier lives, it only stands to reason that this same concept would be applied to other aspects of their lives and businesses. The ability to accurately assess a horse\u2019s body condition, which is vital to its welfare, weighs heavily on the horse owner.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The old saying \u201cBeauty is in the eye of the beholder\u201d has never been more appropriate than in the body condition of horses. Beauty in one owner\u2019s eye is fat in another\u2019s. Hence the problem: What is the appropriate body condition of a horse, and what would be acceptable to the industry? A body conditioning scoring system developed by Dr. Don Henneke has served to provide a standard scoring system for the industry which can be used across breeds and by all horse people. The system assigns a score to a particular body condition (1 to 9) (Table 1) as opposed to vague words such as \u201cgood,\u201d \u201cfair,\u201d \u201cbad,\u201d or \u201cpoor,\u201d which leave differences in interpretation to the eye of the beholder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The horse\u2019s body condition measures the balance between intake and expenditure of energy. Body condition can be affected by a variety of factors such as food availability, reproductive activities, weather, performance or work activities, parasites, dental problems, and feeding practices. The actual body condition of a horse can also affect its reproductive capability, performance ability, work function, health status, and endocrine status. Therefore, it is important to achieve and maintain proper body condition. In order to do this, one must evaluate body fat in relationship to body musculature. In Maine during winter, a horse\u2019s thick hair coat may hide the fact they are thin. Without extra energy in the winter to stay warm, horses can starve.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Body Condition Scoring System<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The system developed by Dr. Henneke assigns a numerical value to fat deposition as it occurs in various places on the horse’s body. The system works by assessing fat both visually and by palpation (examination by touch), in each of six areas. Horses accumulate fat in these areas in a set order. For instance, a horse that scores 7 will have the same amount of fat as any other horse that scores 7, whether the horse is a thoroughbred, quarter horse or Arabian.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"figure<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Fat is assessed in the following areas: the loin, ribs, tailhead, withers, neck, and shoulders (Figure 1). A numerical value is assigned based on the cumulative fat in all six areas (Table 1<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Loin:<\/strong> An extremely thin horse will have a negative crease and a ridge down the back where the spinous processes projects up. No fat can be felt along the back of the horse. However, this is one of the first areas to fill in as a horse gains weight. Fat is first laid down around body organs, then along the base of the spinous processes. As the horse gets fatter, an obvious crease or depression forms down the back because of fat accumulation along with the spinous processes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ribs:<\/strong> The next place to look is in the ribs. Visually assess the rib area, then run your fingers across the rib cage. A very thin horse will have prominent ribs, easily seen and felt, with no fat padding. As the horse begins to gain weight, a little padding can be felt around the ribs; by level 5 the ribs will no longer be visible but can be easily palpated by passing a hand down the rib cage. Once the horse progresses towards obesity, feeling the ribs will be impossible. Visible ribs on weanling or yearling horses can be normal. To assess a young horse, ideal body condition should be about one-third to one-half of fat covering the length of the rib cage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tailhead:<\/strong> In a very thin horse up to a number 3, the tailhead is prominent and easily discernible. Once the horse starts gaining weight, fat fills in around the tailhead. Fat can easily be palpated, and as the horse becomes obese, the fat will feel soft and begin to bulge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Withers:<\/strong> Conformation of the withers may affect your assessment of body condition. The prominence or sharpness of the withers may vary between breeds; a thoroughbred typically has more prominent withers than a quarter horse. However, if a horse is very thin, the underlying structure of the withers will be easily visible. At a level 5, the withers will appear rounded. At levels 6 through 8, varying degrees of fat deposits can be felt along the withers. In obese horses, the withers will be bulging with fat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Neck:<\/strong> The neck allows for refining the assessment of body condition. In an extremely thin horse, you will be able to see the bone structure of the neck, and the throatlatch will be very trim. As the horse gains condition, fat will be deposited down the top of the neck. A body condition score of 8 is characterized by a neck that is thick all around with fat evident at the crest and the throatlatch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Shoulder:<\/strong> The shoulder will also help you refine the condition score, especially if conformation factors have made some other criteria less helpful. As a horse gains weight, fat is deposited around the shoulder to help it blend smoothly with the body. At increasing condition scores, fat is deposited behind the shoulder, especially in the region behind the elbow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting the System to Work<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Once body condition scores have been determined for your horses, how can you tell what is too fat or too thin? It has been suggested that the optimum score is a 5. This horse has some fat but has not yet reached the fleshy point. A horse below a 5 may have fat stores too low to maintain a healthy status if stressed. Body fat reserves are important to the overall health of a horse because fat represents energy reserves that can be used during periods of stress. Horses at a 3 or below have virtually no fat reserves; if more energy is needed, protein is broken down from muscle to meet energy requirements. In addition to increasing the quantity of feed, horse owners should consider checking their horse\u2019s teeth, treating for internal parasites and evaluating their horse\u2019s health status.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

If a horse is exposed to extreme cold, lactation, or some other severe stress, a condition score of 6 or 7 would be desired. A horse can easily burn a great deal of fat in a short period of time in a high-stress situation. Body fat also plays a role in reproduction. Mares with a body condition score of 3 or below develop endocrine imbalances and have difficulty conceiving.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Horses with high condition scores are also predisposed to problems, but the problems are less immediate than those of a horse in poor body condition. Fat horses tend to be less agile performers and tire more quickly than trimmer horses. Fat horses are also more prone to colic and laminitis. Extremely fat horses may also have endocrine problems, they may be hypothyroid and show a deficient metabolic rate, which most likely is one reason they are fat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One more factor you should consider when assigning a body condition score is the basic body type of your horse. Some horses, usually the easy keepers, just tend to carry more body fat than others. A horse that always seems to score a 7 or 8, despite attempts to lower the horse\u2019s weight, may be perfectly healthy at that score. Additionally, the horse may require more exercise to keep muscles in shape.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This body condition scoring system will by no means tell you how fit your horse is for performance. Although horses in training will have less fat due to their exercise intensity, the fat level has nothing to do with muscle tone, cardiovascular fitness, or any other measure of athletic conditioning. The scoring system also does not distinguish between types of fat deposited.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

You Make the Call<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Determine the body condition of the following three horses based on the system in Table 1<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Click on each separate image to enlarge.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\"This<\/a>
Horse 1:<\/strong> This horse would have a condition score of 2.5 to 3.0. The neck and withers are thin and accentuated. There is fat buildup halfway on the spinous processes, and the tailhead is prominent but individual vertebrae cannot be visually identified. The ribs are easily discernible with no fat being deposited behind the shoulder.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"A<\/a>
Horse 2:<\/strong> Horse 2 is a horse that is in good condition with a score of 5.5 to 6. The neck blends smoothly into the body, the withers are rounded over the spinous processes, and the back is level with no positive or negative crease. Ribs cannot be visually distinguished but can be easily felt and the shoulder blends smoothly into the body.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"This<\/a>
Horse 3:<\/strong> This horse is obviously fleshy with a condition score of 7.5. Fat is beginning to be deposited along the top of the neck as well as in and around the withers. This horse has a positive crease down the back. The individual ribs are not visible and are difficult to feel. Fat has been deposited behind the shoulder and the area is flush with the body.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

<\/a>Table 1. Characteristics of Individual Condition Scores<\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/caption>\n

Condition<\/strong><\/th>\nNeck<\/strong><\/th>\nWithers<\/strong><\/th>\nLoin<\/strong><\/th>\nTailhead<\/strong><\/th>\nRibs<\/strong><\/th>\nShoulder<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
1: <\/strong>Poor<\/strong><\/th>\nBone structure easily noticeable, animal extremely emaciated, no fatty tissue can be felt.<\/td>\nBone structure easily noticeable.<\/td>\nSpinous processes project prominently.<\/td>\nSpinous processes project prominently.<\/td>\nTailhead (pinbone) and hook bones project prominently.<\/td>\nBone structure easily noticeable.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2: <\/strong>Very Thin<\/strong><\/th>\nFaintly discernible, animal emaciated.<\/td>\nFaintly discernible.<\/td>\nSlight fat covering over base of spinous processes. Transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae feel rounded. Spinous processes are prominent.<\/td>\nTailhead prominent.<\/td>\nSlight fat cover over ribs. Ribs easily discernible.<\/td>\nShoulder accentuated.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3: <\/strong>Thin<\/strong><\/th>\nNeck accentuated.<\/td>\nWithers accentuated.<\/td>\nFat buildup halfway on spinous processes but easily discernible. Transverse processes cannot be felt.<\/td>\nTailhead prominent but individual vertebrae cannot be visually identified. Hook bones appear rounded but are still easily discernible. Pin bones not distinguishable.<\/td>\nSlight fat cover over ribs. Ribs easily discernible.<\/td>\nShoulder accentuated.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4: <\/strong>Moderately Thin<\/strong><\/th>\nNeck not obviously thin.<\/td>\nWithers not obviously thin.<\/td>\nNegative crease along back.<\/td>\nProminence depends on conformation; fat can be felt. Hook bones not discernible.<\/td>\nFaint outline discernible.<\/td>\nShoulder not obviously thin.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5: <\/strong>Moderate<\/strong><\/th>\nNeck blends smoothly into body.<\/td>\nWithers rounded over spinous processes.<\/td>\nBack level.<\/td>\nFat around tailhead beginning to feel spongy.<\/td>\nRibs cannot be visually distinguished but can be easily felt.<\/td>\nShoulder blends smoothly into body.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6: <\/strong>Moderately Fleshy<\/strong><\/th>\nFat beginning to be deposited.<\/td>\nFat beginning to be deposited.<\/td>\nMay have slight positive crease down back.<\/td>\nFat around tailhead feels soft.<\/td>\nFat over ribs feels spongy.<\/td>\nFat beginning to be deposited.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7: <\/strong>Fleshy<\/strong><\/th>\nFat deposited along neck.<\/td>\nFat deposited along neck.<\/td>\nMay have positive crease down back.<\/td>\nFat around tailhead is soft.<\/td>\nIndividual ribs can be felt, but noticeable filling between ribs with fat.<\/td>\nFat deposited behind shoulder.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8: <\/strong>Fat<\/strong><\/th>\nNoticeable thickening of neck, fat deposited along inner buttocks.<\/td>\nArea along withers filled with fat.<\/td>\nPositive crease down back.<\/td>\nTailhead fat very soft.<\/td>\nDifficult to feel ribs.<\/td>\nArea behind shoulder filled in flush with body.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9: <\/strong>Extremely Fat<\/strong><\/th>\nBulging fat. Fat along inner buttocks may rub together. Flank filled in flush.<\/td>\nBulging fat.<\/td>\nObvious positive crease down back.<\/td>\nBuilding fat around tailhead.<\/td>\nPatchy fat appearing over ribs.<\/td>\nBulging fat.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
From Henneke et al. Equine Vet J. (1983) 15 (4), 371-2.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n

Information in this publication is provided purely for educational purposes. No responsibility is assumed for any problems associated with the use of products or services mentioned. No endorsement of products or companies is intended, nor is criticism of unnamed products or companies implied.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a9 2002, 2025<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Call 800.287.0274 (in Maine), or 207.581.3188, for information on publications and program offerings from University of Maine Cooperative Extension, or visit extension.umaine.edu<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The University of Maine System (the System) is an equal opportunity institution committed to fostering a nondiscriminatory environment and complying with all applicable nondiscrimination laws. Consistent with State and Federal law, the System does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, transgender status, gender, gender identity or expression, ethnicity, national origin, citizenship status, familial status, ancestry, age, disability (physical or mental), genetic information, pregnancy, or veteran or military status in any aspect of its education, programs and activities, and employment. The System provides reasonable accommodations to qualified individuals with disabilities upon request. If you believe you have experienced discrimination or harassment, you are encouraged to contact the System Office of Equal Opportunity and Title IX Services at 5713 Chadbourne Hall, Room 412, Orono, ME 04469-5713, by calling 207.581.1226, or via TTY at 711 (Maine Relay System). For more information about Title IX or to file a complaint, please contact the UMS Title IX Coordinator at www.maine.edu\/title-ix\/<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Developed by Craig H. Wood, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Kentucky. Adapted and reprinted with permission. Updated by Rachel White, Ph.D., Assistant Extension Professor, Sustainable Agriculture and Livestock Educator, University of Maine Cooperative Extension (2025). For information about UMaine Extension programs and resources, visit extension.umaine.edu.Find more of our […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":21,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1649","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nBulletin #1010, Equine Facts: Body Condition Scoring for Your Horse - Cooperative Extension Publications - University of Maine Cooperative Extension<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Body Condition Scoring for Your Horse: scoring system, putting the system to work, characteristics of individual condition scores. 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