{"id":2144,"date":"2010-06-21T14:51:51","date_gmt":"2010-06-21T18:51:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/?page_id=2144"},"modified":"2024-05-23T12:29:46","modified_gmt":"2024-05-23T16:29:46","slug":"2580e","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/2580e\/","title":{"rendered":"Bulletin #2580, Native Trees and Shrubs for Maine Landscapes: American Elder (<em>Sambucus canadensis<\/em>)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><span class=\"s1\"><i>Developed by Marjorie Peronto, Associate Extension Professor, University of Maine Cooperative Extension; and Reeser C. Manley, Assistant Professor of Horticulture, University of Maine.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>For information about UMaine Extension programs and resources, visit <a href=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/\">extension.umaine.edu<\/a>.<\/strong><br><strong>Find more of our publications and books at <a href=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/\">extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Go native!<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>This series of publications is the result of a five-year research project that evaluated the adaptability of a variety of native trees and shrubs to the stresses of urban and residential landscapes in Maine. Non-native invasive plants pose a serious threat to Maine&#8217;s biodiversity. Plants such as Japanese barberry, shrubby honeysuckle, and Asiatic bittersweet, originally introduced for their ornamental features, have escaped from our landscapes, colonizing natural areas and displacing native plants and animals. By landscaping with native plants, we can create vegetation corridors that link fragmented wild areas, providing food and shelter for the native wildlife that is an integral part of our ecosystem. Your landscape choices can have an impact on the environment that goes far beyond your property lines.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Description<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2016\/01\/sambucus-canadensis.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"188\" src=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2016\/01\/sambucus-canadensis-300x188.jpg\" alt=\"Sambucus canadensis in flower\" class=\"wp-image-15846\" style=\"width:370px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2016\/01\/sambucus-canadensis-300x188.jpg 300w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2016\/01\/sambucus-canadensis-105x66.jpg 105w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2016\/01\/sambucus-canadensis-317x198.jpg 317w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2016\/01\/sambucus-canadensis-423x264.jpg 423w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2016\/01\/sambucus-canadensis.jpg 464w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 320px) 85vw, (max-width: 768px) 67vw, (max-width: 1024px) 62vw,300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Photo by Reeser C. Manley<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Form:<\/strong> a multi-stemmed shrub with tightly clustered stems at the base and upright, spreading branches<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Size:<\/strong> 6 to 12 feet high and wide<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ornamental characteristics:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>large, flat-topped clusters of white flowers from late June through mid-July<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>drooping, flat-topped clusters of deep purple to black berries, borne on red to purple stems from August through September<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Landscape Use<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2016\/01\/sambucus-canadensis-fruit.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"287\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2016\/01\/sambucus-canadensis-fruit-287x300.jpg\" alt=\"Sambucus canadensis fruit\" class=\"wp-image-15847\" style=\"width:370px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2016\/01\/sambucus-canadensis-fruit-287x300.jpg 287w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2016\/01\/sambucus-canadensis-fruit-105x110.jpg 105w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2016\/01\/sambucus-canadensis-fruit-317x331.jpg 317w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2016\/01\/sambucus-canadensis-fruit-32x32.jpg 32w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2016\/01\/sambucus-canadensis-fruit.jpg 339w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 320px) 85vw, (max-width: 768px) 67vw, (max-width: 1024px) 62vw,287px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Photo by Reeser C. Manley<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>American elder is a denizen of wet areas throughout eastern North America, frequenting bogs, marshes, deep woods, and disturbed sites (disturbed by human or natural activity). It can often be found growing in such sites with common winterberry (<em>Ilex verticillata<\/em>) and alders (<em>Alnus<\/em> spp.). It is highly tolerant of both flooding and shade, yet flourishes in drier garden sites in full sun.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Because of its leggy growth habit and coarse texture, <em>Sambucus canadensis<\/em> is often consigned to natural areas of the landscape, yet with thoughtful pruning, you can place it in the garden proper, perhaps framing the garden bench or entrance arbor, or at the back of the mixed border. It certainly belongs in any garden devoted to wildlife, as its fruits are relished by small mammals as well as 48 species of birds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Culture<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Hardiness:<\/strong> USDA zone 3a<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2016\/01\/sambucus-canadensis-illo.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"288\" height=\"280\" src=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2016\/01\/sambucus-canadensis-illo.jpg\" alt=\"Sambucus canadensis illustration\" class=\"wp-image-15848\" style=\"width:370px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2016\/01\/sambucus-canadensis-illo.jpg 288w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2016\/01\/sambucus-canadensis-illo-105x102.jpg 105w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2016\/01\/sambucus-canadensis-illo-32x32.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 320px) 85vw, (max-width: 768px) 67vw, (max-width: 1024px) 62vw,288px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Drawing by Margery Read<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Soil requirements:<\/strong> tolerant of a wide variety of soils<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Light requirements:<\/strong> full sun to shade<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Stress tolerances:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>soil compaction \u2014 tolerant<br>pollution \u2014 intolerant<br>deicing salts \u2014 intolerant<br>urban heat islands \u2014 tolerant<br>drought \u2014 tolerant<br>seasonal flooding \u2014 tolerant<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Insect and disease problems:<\/strong> infrequent<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Wildlife Value<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Flowers of American elder produce little nectar but are visited by pollen-collecting insects. American elder is host to the cecropia or robin moth, North America\u2019s largest moth. The fruits are eaten by over 40 bird species including catbirds, yellow-breasted chats, rose-breasted grosbeaks, and all thrushes. Fox squirrels, red squirrels, woodchucks, and white-footed mice eat the fruits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Maintenance<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Irrigation:<\/strong> Water shrubs regularly for at least one year after planting. Apply 1 inch of water over the root zone once a week until leaves fall in autumn: in general, a shrub\u2019s root zone extends twice as wide as its canopy. Once plants are established, further watering should not be necessary unless there are extended periods of drought.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Fertilization:<\/strong> Landscape trees and shrubs should not be fertilized unless a soil test indicates a need. Correct soil pH, if necessary, by amending the backfill soil. No nitrogen fertilizer should be added at planting or during the first growing season.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>To learn more about native woody plants<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Visit the Eastern Maine Native Plant Arboretum at University of Maine Cooperative Extension&#8217;s Penobscot County office, 307 Maine Avenue in Bangor. Established in 2004, the arboretum displays 24 different native tree and shrub species that can be used in managed landscapes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Reviewed by Cathy Neal, Extension professor, University of New Hampshire Cooperative Extension.<br>Photos by Reeser C. Manley.<br>Illustration by Margery Read, Extension Master Gardener.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft\"><a href=\"http:\/\/maine.gov\/doc\/mfs\/projectcanopy\/index.htm\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"108\" height=\"111\" src=\"http:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2010\/06\/projectcanopylogo.jpg\" alt=\"project canopy logo\" class=\"wp-image-1732\" srcset=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2010\/06\/projectcanopylogo.jpg 108w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2010\/06\/projectcanopylogo-105x108.jpg 105w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2010\/06\/projectcanopylogo-32x32.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 108px) 100vw, 108px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p><em>This series of publications and the associated research were made possible in part by the Maine Forest Service\u2019s Project Canopy.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Information in this publication is provided purely for educational purposes. No responsibility is assumed for any problems associated with the use of products or services mentioned. No endorsement of products or companies is intended, nor is criticism of unnamed products or companies implied.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00a9 2008<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Call 800.287.0274 (in Maine), or 207.581.3188, for information on publications and program offerings from University of Maine Cooperative Extension, or visit <a href=\"http:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\">extension.umaine.edu<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>The University of Maine System (the System) is an equal opportunity institution committed to fostering a nondiscriminatory environment and complying with all applicable nondiscrimination laws. Consistent with State and Federal law, the System does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, transgender status, gender, gender identity or expression, ethnicity, national origin, citizenship status, familial status, ancestry, age, disability (physical or mental), genetic information, pregnancy, or veteran or military status in any aspect of its education, programs and activities, and employment. The System provides reasonable accommodations to qualified individuals with disabilities upon request. If you believe you have experienced discrimination or harassment, you are encouraged to contact the System Office of Equal Opportunity and Title IX Services at 5713 Chadbourne Hall, Room 412, Orono, ME 04469-5713, by calling 207.581.1226, or via TTY at 711 (Maine Relay System). For more information about Title IX or to file a complaint, please contact the UMS Title IX Coordinator at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.maine.edu\/title-ix\/\">www.maine.edu\/title-ix\/<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Developed by Marjorie Peronto, Associate Extension Professor, University of Maine Cooperative Extension; and Reeser C. Manley, Assistant Professor of Horticulture, University of Maine. For information about UMaine Extension programs and resources, visit extension.umaine.edu.Find more of our publications and books at extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/. Go native! This series of publications is the result of a five-year research project [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":290,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2144","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Bulletin #2580, Native Trees and Shrubs for Maine Landscapes: American Elder (Sambucus canadensis) - Cooperative Extension Publications - University of Maine Cooperative Extension<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"American elder is a denizen of wet areas throughout eastern North America, frequenting bogs, marshes, deep woods, and disturbed sites (disturbed by human or natural activity).\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/2580e\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Bulletin #2580, Native Trees and Shrubs for Maine Landscapes: American Elder (Sambucus canadensis) - Cooperative Extension Publications - University of Maine Cooperative Extension\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"American elder is a denizen of wet areas throughout eastern North America, frequenting bogs, marshes, deep woods, and disturbed sites (disturbed by human or natural activity).\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/2580e\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Cooperative Extension Publications\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-05-23T16:29:46+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2016\/01\/sambucus-canadensis-300x188.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/2580e\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/2580e\/\",\"name\":\"Bulletin #2580, Native Trees and Shrubs for Maine Landscapes: American Elder (Sambucus canadensis) - Cooperative Extension Publications - University of Maine Cooperative Extension\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/2580e\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/2580e\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2016\/01\/sambucus-canadensis-300x188.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2010-06-21T18:51:51+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-05-23T16:29:46+00:00\",\"description\":\"American elder is a denizen of wet areas throughout eastern North America, frequenting bogs, marshes, deep woods, and disturbed sites (disturbed by human or natural activity).\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/2580e\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/2580e\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/2580e\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2016\/01\/sambucus-canadensis.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2016\/01\/sambucus-canadensis.jpg\",\"width\":464,\"height\":290,\"caption\":\"Photo by Reeser C. 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