{"id":25420,"date":"2020-05-27T08:48:41","date_gmt":"2020-05-27T12:48:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/?page_id=25420"},"modified":"2025-08-12T13:40:03","modified_gmt":"2025-08-12T17:40:03","slug":"5066e","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/5066e\/","title":{"rendered":"Witches\u2019 Broom of Blueberries"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pest Management Fact Sheet #5066<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Developed by Alicyn Smart, <i>D.P.M., <\/i>Assistant Extension Professor &amp; Extension Plant Pathologist, David Handley, Ph.D., Vegetable &amp; Small Fruit Specialist, University of Maine Cooperative Extension, and Abigayl Novak, Undergraduate Student, University of Maine.<br><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>For information about UMaine Extension programs and resources, visit <a href=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/\">extension.umaine.edu<\/a>.<br>Find more of our publications and books at <a href=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/\">extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/<\/a>.<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Pathogen:<\/strong> <em>Pucciniastrum goeppertianum (syn. Calyptospora goeppertiana)<\/em><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Introduction<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Witches\u2019 broom of blueberries is a fungal disease that is considered to be a minor problem in highbush and lowbush blueberries in most regions but is quite prevalent in Maine. Blueberry plantings can become heavily infected when they are in close proximity to balsam fir (<em>Abies balsamea<\/em>), which is the alternate host of this fungus. Having fir trees close by to act as an alternate host is necessary for the fungus to complete its life cycle. Christmas tree growers are therefore strongly discouraged from raising blueberries on the same property to avoid encouraging this disease.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The witches\u2019 broom fungus, <em>Pucciniastrum goeppertianum<\/em> produces three fungal fruiting structures that produce different spores, depending on which host it is infecting. Spermagonia and aecia fruiting structures are found on firs, and telia are formed on blueberries and some other <em>Vaccinium<\/em> spp. In the spring and early summer, aeciospores are produced on balsam fir needles and are carried by wind to susceptible blueberry plants. The fungus then infects blueberry plants systemically. Although infected with the disease, plants do not show symptoms in the first year of infection. The following year, symptoms may easily be seen in the late summer and fall.\u00a0 Telia develop in the fall to overwinter on the swollen shoots of the infected blueberry plants. The next spring, the telispores germinate and produce basidiopsores that are carried by wind from the blueberry plants to balsam fir trees, where they infect the current year\u2019s needles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Host Plants<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Highbush blueberries (<em>V. corymbosum<\/em>) are most susceptible; lowbush blueberry (<em>V. angustifolium<\/em>), and other <em>Vaccinium<\/em> spp., including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Dwarf bilberry (<em> V. caespitosum<\/em>), cascade bilberry (<em>V. deliciosum<\/em>), thinleaf huckleberry (<em>V. membranaceum<\/em>), velvetleaf huckleberry (<em>V. myrtilloides<\/em>), grouseberry (<em>V. scoparium<\/em>), and mountain cranberry (<em>V. vitis-idaea<\/em>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Symptoms &amp; Signs<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Infected blueberry plants have broom-like masses of swollen, spongy shoots with shortened internodes and leaves that are smaller than normal. Symptomatic shoots have a reddish yellow color and turn brown and shiny throughout the growing season. As the season progresses, the brooms become dried out and cracked. They will appear dead the following spring.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Balsam fir trees that are infected can experience stunted growth with yellowish-green colored needles. When the spores develop, they appear as small round orange-yellow blisters, occurring mostly on the undersides of the needles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-3 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2020\/05\/Fig-1-bulletin-5066.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" data-id=\"25423\" src=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2020\/05\/Fig-1-bulletin-5066.jpg\" alt=\"Plant infected with Witches' Broom.\" class=\"wp-image-25423\" srcset=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2020\/05\/Fig-1-bulletin-5066.jpg 720w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2020\/05\/Fig-1-bulletin-5066-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2020\/05\/Fig-1-bulletin-5066-105x79.jpg 105w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2020\/05\/Fig-1-bulletin-5066-317x238.jpg 317w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2020\/05\/Fig-1-bulletin-5066-423x317.jpg 423w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2020\/05\/Fig-1-bulletin-5066-634x476.jpg 634w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2020\/05\/Fig-1-bulletin-5066-500x375.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 320px) 85vw, (max-width: 768px) 67vw, (max-width: 1024px) 62vw,720px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 1. Plant infected with Witches&#8217; Broom. \nPhoto: David Handley.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2020\/05\/Fig-2-bulletin-5966.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"360\" height=\"271\" data-id=\"25422\" src=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2020\/05\/Fig-2-bulletin-5966.jpg\" alt=\"Witches' Broom on blueberry.\" class=\"wp-image-25422\" srcset=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2020\/05\/Fig-2-bulletin-5966.jpg 360w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2020\/05\/Fig-2-bulletin-5966-300x226.jpg 300w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2020\/05\/Fig-2-bulletin-5966-105x79.jpg 105w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2020\/05\/Fig-2-bulletin-5966-317x239.jpg 317w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 320px) 85vw, (max-width: 768px) 67vw, (max-width: 1024px) 62vw,360px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 2. Witches&#8217; Broom on blueberry. \nPhoto: Abigayl Novak.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2020\/05\/Fig-3-bulletin-5066.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" data-id=\"25421\" src=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2020\/05\/Fig-3-bulletin-5066.jpg\" alt=\"Witches' Broom in a bush.\" class=\"wp-image-25421\" srcset=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2020\/05\/Fig-3-bulletin-5066.jpg 720w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2020\/05\/Fig-3-bulletin-5066-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2020\/05\/Fig-3-bulletin-5066-105x79.jpg 105w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2020\/05\/Fig-3-bulletin-5066-317x238.jpg 317w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2020\/05\/Fig-3-bulletin-5066-423x317.jpg 423w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2020\/05\/Fig-3-bulletin-5066-634x476.jpg 634w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2020\/05\/Fig-3-bulletin-5066-500x375.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 320px) 85vw, (max-width: 768px) 67vw, (max-width: 1024px) 62vw,720px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 3. Witches&#8217; Broom in a bush.\nPhoto: David Handley.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Management<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Because this disease is systemic, i.e. it moves and spreads internally through the plant, burning or cutting out the brooms will not provide control. However, experience in Maine has shown that the symptoms can be managed with judicious pruning, allowing infected plants to remain productive, often for many years, in spite of the disease.&nbsp; It is suggested that broom growth be pruned out as soon as it appears and that the entire branch or cane on which the broom appears, be removed to slow the spread of the fungus through the plant.&nbsp; Once the infection has developed to the extent that heavy broom growth is emerging from the base of the plant and no healthy new canes are emerging, it is best to remove the plant.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Removing any and all balsam fir trees within a quarter-mile of blueberry plants, if possible, can reduce or even eliminate witches&#8217; broom. Even if it is not possible to clear balsam to that distance, it is best to keep blueberries and balsam separated to the greatest extent possible.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Although susceptibility to witches\u2019 broom appears to vary among different blueberry varieties, and some such as \u2018Rancocas\u2019, may have resistance to the disease, this has yet not been adequately studied.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>At this time, there are no effective fungicides for managing witches\u2019 broom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>References<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Polashock, James J., et al. <em>Compendium of Blueberry, Cranberry, and Lingonberry Diseases and Pests<\/em>. American Phytopathological Society, 2017.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sinclair, Wayne A. and Howard H. Lyon. <em>Diseases of Trees and Shrubs<\/em>. Cornell University, 2005.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Yellow witches&#8217; broom of balsam fir<\/em>. 4 August 2015. https:\/\/tidcf.nrcan.gc.ca\/en\/diseases\/factsheet\/27. 17 July 2019.<br> <h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong>WHEN USING PESTICIDES, ALWAYS FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS!<\/strong><\/span><\/h3> <p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Alicyn Smart, DPM<br>Plant Pathologist and Director of the Plant Disease Diagnostic Laboratory<br>University of Maine Cooperative Extension<\/strong><\/p>  <p><em>Information in this publication is provided purely for educational purposes. No responsibility is assumed for any problems associated with the use of products or services mentioned. No endorsement of products or companies is intended, nor is criticism of unnamed products or companies implied.<\/em><\/p> <p>\u00a9 2020<\/p> <p><strong>Call 800.287.0274 (in Maine), or 207.581.3188, for information on publications and program offerings from University of Maine Cooperative Extension, or visit <a href=\"http:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\">extension.umaine.edu<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p> <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><em>The University of Maine System (the System) is an equal opportunity institution committed to fostering a nondiscriminatory environment and complying with all applicable nondiscrimination laws. Consistent with State and Federal law, the System does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, transgender status, gender, gender identity or expression, ethnicity, national origin, citizenship status, familial status, ancestry, age, disability (physical or mental), genetic information, pregnancy, or veteran or military status in any aspect of its education, programs and activities, and employment. The System provides reasonable accommodations to qualified individuals with disabilities upon request. If you believe you have experienced discrimination or harassment, you are encouraged to contact the System Office of Equal Opportunity and Title IX Services at 5713 Chadbourne Hall, Room 412, Orono, ME 04469-5713, by calling 207.581.1226, or via TTY at 711 (Maine Relay System). For more information about Title IX or to file a complaint, please contact the UMS Title IX Coordinator at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.maine.edu\/title-ix\/\">www.maine.edu\/title-ix\/<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pest Management Fact Sheet #5066 Developed by Alicyn Smart, D.P.M., Assistant Extension Professor &amp; Extension Plant Pathologist, David Handley, Ph.D., Vegetable &amp; Small Fruit Specialist, University of Maine Cooperative Extension, and Abigayl Novak, Undergraduate Student, University of Maine. For information about UMaine Extension programs and resources, visit extension.umaine.edu.Find more of our publications and books at [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-25420","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Witches\u2019 Broom of Blueberries - Cooperative Extension Publications - University of Maine Cooperative Extension<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/5066e\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Witches\u2019 Broom of Blueberries - Cooperative Extension Publications - University of Maine Cooperative Extension\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Pest Management Fact Sheet #5066 Developed by Alicyn Smart, D.P.M., Assistant Extension Professor &amp; Extension Plant Pathologist, David Handley, Ph.D., Vegetable &amp; Small Fruit Specialist, University of Maine Cooperative Extension, and Abigayl Novak, Undergraduate Student, University of Maine. 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