{"id":34343,"date":"2025-11-20T13:40:38","date_gmt":"2025-11-20T18:40:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/?page_id=34343"},"modified":"2025-12-02T11:17:19","modified_gmt":"2025-12-02T16:17:19","slug":"2180e","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/2180e\/","title":{"rendered":"Bulletin #2180, Weed Mapping Using Your Smartphone"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/resource\/bulletin-2180-weed-mapping-using-your-smartphone\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Bulletin #2180, Weed Mapping Using Your Smartphone (PDF for printing)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>By&nbsp;Dr. Lily Calderwood, Ph.D., Wild Blueberry Specialist and Associate Professor of Horticulture, University of Maine Cooperative Extension and Patrice Sison, Graduate Research Assistant, University of Maine Cooperative Extension<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>For information about UMaine Extension programs and resources, visit <a href=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/\">extension.umaine.edu<\/a>.<\/strong><br><strong>Find more of our publications and books at <a href=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/\">extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Background<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<style>.kb-image34343_db3a46-cb .kb-image-has-overlay:after{opacity:0.3;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-image kb-image34343_db3a46-cb\"><figure class=\"alignright size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"360\" height=\"240\" src=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2025\/11\/smartphone.jpg\" alt=\"A person holding a cell phone in front of a wild blueberry field. The cell phone is running Avenza Maps.\" class=\"kb-img wp-image-34358\" srcset=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2025\/11\/smartphone.jpg 360w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2025\/11\/smartphone-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2025\/11\/smartphone-105x70.jpg 105w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2025\/11\/smartphone-317x211.jpg 317w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 320px) 85vw, (max-width: 768px) 67vw, (max-width: 1024px) 62vw,360px\" \/><figcaption><em>Using Avenza Maps on a smartphone for weed mapping. Photo: Patrice Sison<\/em>.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Weeds in wild blueberry fields occur in random patches amongst wild blueberry rhizomes. Unlike cultivated row crops planted in uniform patterns, wild blueberries form a natural groundcover and the weeds grow among them. Broadcast sulfur and herbicide applications are the standard materials used to manage these random weed patches. However, rising costs, concerns about herbicide resistance, and increasing environmental stewardship goals encourage growers to seek more targeted solutions (Nobre et al., 2023). One such targeted solution is spot spraying. Instead of spraying an entire field, spot spraying focuses on herbicide applications only where weeds are present, reducing chemical use and application costs (Esposito et al., 2021). Today, one of the simplest tools to begin spot spraying is already in your pocket: your smartphone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Targeted herbicide spraying starts with a weed map. To create a weed map using your smartphone, you can download apps like ArcGIS Field Maps, Fields Area Measure, and Google Earth, but the app we will be demonstrating here is \u201cAvenza Maps\u201d. This app allows you to map weeds by walking the field and marking patches with pins or polygons. You can add photos, notes, and patch sizes to create a digital weed map for future management (Image 1). After making your weed map, you can use it as a guide for spot spraying. For larger-scale operations, you can export the map&#8217;s data to a tractor-mounted boom sprayer that is capable of individual nozzle control or to a spray drone for autonomous spot spraying.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Steps to Create a Weed Map using Avenza<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>1. Download Avenza Maps from your App Store for free.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. Open the base map icon. The blue circle on the map represents your real-time location.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. Walk around your field and find a weed patch. Click the \u201cdraw and measure\u201d option, which is the bottom-left icon on your basemap (see Figure 1-1). Once the \u201cdraw and measure\u201d option is activated, use the blue circle (your location) to start creating your weed patch polygon. Your location will serve as a guide to create the vertices, or sides, of your polygon using the \u201cadd point\u201d button can be found on the bottom right of the screen (see Figure 1-2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4. Close your polygon by clicking the shaded rectangle icon (see Figure 1-3) and hitting the checkmark sign found on the bottom right of your screen. The weed patch area should automatically be calculated after you create your weed patch polygon. You can change the units of measurement in the settings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>5. Continue steps 3 to 5 until you hit all the weed patches you want to map.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>6. To view the weed patch polygons on satellite imagery, you can export them to Google Earth by clicking the \u201cmap layers&#8221; icon at the bottom right corner of the basemap interface (see Figure 1-4). Click on the weed patch polygons that you just created. At the top of the map layers interface is the \u201cexport\u201d icon (see Figure 1-5), which can export your weed patch polygons as KML files for Google Earth or any other GPS mapping program. These KML files may also be imported into the tractor or spray drone\u2019s GPS for spot spraying, but the file format depends on the tractor or drone&#8217;s manufacturer and model. You can always convert these KML files to other file formats online or through GIS software.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote><p><b>Note:<\/b> Your location&#8217;s accuracy depends on your smartphone\u2019s GPS. Typically, smartphones have 10-foot horizontal and vertical accuracies, meaning your points may not be as precise as those from a GNSS receiver with centimeter-level precision. Nevertheless, creating weed maps on your smartphone will give you an estimate of your weed coverage and help you calculate how much herbicide is required.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kb-image34343_df6a31-39 .kb-image-has-overlay:after{opacity:0.3;}.kb-image34343_df6a31-39 img.kb-img, .kb-image34343_df6a31-39 .kb-img img{border-top:2px solid #000000;border-right:2px solid #000000;border-bottom:2px solid #000000;border-left:2px solid #000000;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-image34343_df6a31-39 img.kb-img, .kb-image34343_df6a31-39 .kb-img img{border-top:2px solid #000000;border-right:2px solid #000000;border-bottom:2px solid #000000;border-left:2px solid #000000;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-image34343_df6a31-39 img.kb-img, .kb-image34343_df6a31-39 .kb-img img{border-top:2px solid #000000;border-right:2px solid #000000;border-bottom:2px solid #000000;border-left:2px solid #000000;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-image kb-image34343_df6a31-39\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-medium_large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"256\" src=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2025\/12\/Weed-Mapping-Icons-2-768x256.png\" alt=\"Five icons, each displaying an icon from the app. Icon 1 shows a green pencil and ruler. Icon 2 shows an image of a plus sign and text that says Add point. Icon 3 shows a green square with three diagonal lines. Icon 4 shows an image of three stacked squares. Icon 5 shows an image of a square with an arrow pointing up.\" class=\"kb-img wp-image-34412\" srcset=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2025\/12\/Weed-Mapping-Icons-2-768x256.png 768w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2025\/12\/Weed-Mapping-Icons-2-300x100.png 300w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2025\/12\/Weed-Mapping-Icons-2-1024x341.png 1024w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2025\/12\/Weed-Mapping-Icons-2-1536x512.png 1536w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2025\/12\/Weed-Mapping-Icons-2-105x35.png 105w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2025\/12\/Weed-Mapping-Icons-2-317x106.png 317w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2025\/12\/Weed-Mapping-Icons-2-423x141.png 423w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2025\/12\/Weed-Mapping-Icons-2-634x211.png 634w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2025\/12\/Weed-Mapping-Icons-2-846x282.png 846w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2025\/12\/Weed-Mapping-Icons-2-951x317.png 951w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2025\/12\/Weed-Mapping-Icons-2-1268x423.png 1268w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2025\/12\/Weed-Mapping-Icons-2.png 1725w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 320px) 85vw, (max-width: 768px) 67vw, (max-width: 1024px) 62vw,768px\" \/><figcaption>Figure 1. <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Herbicide Calculations Using Weed Maps<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Below is an example of herbicide calculations using a weed map.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Patch and Field Areas<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n<style>.kb-image34343_127e29-83 .kb-image-has-overlay:after{opacity:0.3;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-image kb-image34343_127e29-83\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-medium\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"289\" src=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2025\/11\/Image-2-300x289.jpg\" alt=\"A Weed Map showing the area for four orange patches of weeds in a field.\" class=\"kb-img wp-image-34357\" srcset=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2025\/11\/Image-2-300x289.jpg 300w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2025\/11\/Image-2-105x101.jpg 105w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2025\/11\/Image-2-317x305.jpg 317w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2025\/11\/Image-2-423x407.jpg 423w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2025\/11\/Image-2-32x32.jpg 32w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2025\/11\/Image-2.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 320px) 85vw, (max-width: 768px) 67vw, (max-width: 1024px) 62vw,300px\" \/><figcaption><em>Generated weed map in Hope, ME using Avenza Maps displayed on Google Earth. Photo: Patrice Sison.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><strong>Weed Patch Number<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><strong>Weed Patch Acreage<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">1<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">0.0645<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">2<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">0.0092<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">3<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">0.0100<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">4<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">0.0008<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The area of the entire field in this example, including all weed patches, is 1.6046 acres. Add the acreage of all weed patches to obtain the total weed area. The total area of Weed Patches 1-4 shown in Image 2 is 0.0845 acres. You can use these acreages and the herbicide rate listed on the product label to compare the cost of applying herbicide to the entire field versus applying it only to mapped weed patches.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Calculating Herbicide Costs<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>For this example, we will use the herbicide cost per oz and rate (oz\/acre) listed in the table below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>Example Herbicide Cost ($\/oz)<\/td><td>$0.46<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Example Herbicide Rate (oz\/acre)<\/td><td>8<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Example Herbicide Cost for the Entire Field<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>To determine the cost to apply herbicide to the entire field, multiply your total field area (1.6046 acres) by the herbicide rate (8 oz) and the herbicide cost ($0.46).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote><p>1.6046 acres x 8 oz x $0.46 = $5.90<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Example Herbicide Cost to Only Weed Patches<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Next, we\u2019ll compare the herbicide cost when spot-applying to weed patches only. Determine the combined acreage of the weed patches in your field. In the section above, we determined that the total acreage of weed patches in the field was 0.0845 acres.<br><br>Multiply the weed patch acreage (0.0845) by the herbicide rate (8 oz) and the herbicide cost ($0.46) to obtain the total cost of herbicide required for just weed patches.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote><p>0.0845 acres x 8 oz x $0.46 = $0.31 <\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>The total cost of herbicide sprayed only to the weed patch areas is $0.31 compared to $5.90 for the entire field, resulting in a cost reduction of $5.59, or $3.48\/acre. The limitation of weed mapping, however, is the spatial distribution of weeds (Hunter et al., 2020). If your weeds occur as small, evenly distributed patches in the field, weed mapping would be tedious and broadcast spraying would be the better option. However, if your weeds occur in large, clumped patches, it would be worth considering creating a weed map. Weed mapping is a good exercise to understand how much of your field(s) acreage is composed of weeds. The best time to make a weed map is in the spring, before weeds or wild blueberry plants have emerged, or around the same time you would apply pre-emergent herbicides (March-April).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Weed Map Links<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/store.avenza.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Avenza Maps<\/a> store.avenza.com\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/arcgis\/products\/arcgis-field-maps\/overview\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">ArcGIS Field Maps<\/a> esri.com\/en-us\/arcgis\/products\/arcgis-field-maps\/overview<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/fams.app\/shared\/1600262232457\/xK8lxsR40yzOojB4DBtYC\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Fields Area Measure<\/a> fams.app\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/intl\/en\/earth\/versions\/#earth-for-mobile\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Google Earth<\/a> google.com\/intl\/en\/earth\/versions\/#earth-for-mobile<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>References<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Esposito, M., Crimaldi, M., Cirillo, V., Sarghini, F., &amp; Maggio, A. (2021). Drone and sensor technology for sustainable weed management: A review. <em>Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture<\/em>, 8(18). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40538-021-00217-8<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hunter, J. E., III, Gannon, T. W., Richardson, R. J., Yelverton, F. H., &amp; Leon, R. G. (2020). Integration of remote-weed mapping and an autonomous spraying unmanned aerial vehicle for site-specific weed management. <em>Pest Management Science<\/em>, 76, 1386\u20131392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ps.5651<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nobre, F. L. L., Santos, R. F., Herrera, J. L., Ara\u00fajo, A. L., Johann, J. A., Gurgacz, F., Siqueira, J. A. C., &amp; Prior, M. (2023). Use of drones in herbicide spot spraying: A systematic review. <em>Advances in Weed Science,<\/em> 41, e020230014. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.51694\/AdvWeedSci\/2023;41:00014\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.51694\/AdvWeedSci\/2023;41:00014<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Information in this publication is provided purely for educational purposes. No responsibility is assumed for any problems associated with the use of products or services mentioned. No endorsement of products or companies is intended, nor is criticism of unnamed products or companies implied.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00a9 2025<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Call 800.287.0274 (in Maine), or 207.581.3188, for information on publications and program offerings from University of Maine Cooperative Extension, or visit <a href=\"http:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\">extension.umaine.edu<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>University of Maine Cooperative Extension is an equal opportunity institution and provider committed to nondiscrimination. For more information, visit <a href=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/nondiscrimination\">extension.umaine.edu\/nondiscrimination<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Bulletin #2180, Weed Mapping Using Your Smartphone (PDF for printing) By&nbsp;Dr. Lily Calderwood, Ph.D., Wild Blueberry Specialist and Associate Professor of Horticulture, University of Maine Cooperative Extension and Patrice Sison, Graduate Research Assistant, University of Maine Cooperative Extension For information about UMaine Extension programs and resources, visit extension.umaine.edu.Find more of our publications and books at [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-34343","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Bulletin #2180, Weed Mapping Using Your Smartphone - Cooperative Extension Publications - University of Maine Cooperative Extension<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/2180e\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Bulletin #2180, Weed Mapping Using Your Smartphone - Cooperative Extension Publications - University of Maine Cooperative Extension\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Bulletin #2180, Weed Mapping Using Your Smartphone (PDF for printing) By&nbsp;Dr. Lily Calderwood, Ph.D., Wild Blueberry Specialist and Associate Professor of Horticulture, University of Maine Cooperative Extension and Patrice Sison, Graduate Research Assistant, University of Maine Cooperative Extension For information about UMaine Extension programs and resources, visit extension.umaine.edu.Find more of our publications and books at [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/2180e\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Cooperative Extension Publications\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-12-02T16:17:19+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2025\/11\/smartphone.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"360\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"240\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"7 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/2180e\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/2180e\/\",\"name\":\"Bulletin #2180, Weed Mapping Using Your Smartphone - Cooperative Extension Publications - University of Maine Cooperative Extension\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/2180e\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/2180e\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2025\/11\/smartphone.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-11-20T18:40:38+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-12-02T16:17:19+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/2180e\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/2180e\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/2180e\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2025\/11\/smartphone.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2025\/11\/smartphone.jpg\",\"width\":360,\"height\":240,\"caption\":\"Using Avenza Maps on a smartphone for weed mapping. 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