{"id":8476,"date":"2011-04-20T09:42:44","date_gmt":"2011-04-20T13:42:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/?page_id=8476"},"modified":"2024-05-22T10:47:26","modified_gmt":"2024-05-22T14:47:26","slug":"12e","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/12e\/","title":{"rendered":"Bulletin #12, Safe Disposal of Backyard Poultry Mortalities"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"288\" height=\"197\" src=\"http:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2011\/04\/bird-pile.jpg\" alt=\"compost pile\" class=\"wp-image-8482\" style=\"width:370px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2011\/04\/bird-pile.jpg 288w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2011\/04\/bird-pile-105x72.jpg 105w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 320px) 85vw, (max-width: 768px) 67vw, (max-width: 1024px) 62vw,288px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p><em>Developed by Associate Extension Professor Mark Hutchinson in collaboration with Bill Seekins, Agricultural Management Resource Coordinator for the Maine Department of Agriculture<\/em><strong><br><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>For information about UMaine Extension programs and resources, visit <a href=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/\">extension.umaine.edu<\/a>.<\/strong><br><strong>Find more of our publications and books at <a href=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/\">extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Many people in Maine keep backyard poultry flocks. If you are among them, you know that even with the best of care, mortalities occasionally occur. Proper disposal of carcasses will minimize risks to you and your family, the remaining flock, and the environment. No mortality should be used for human consumption.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Composting offers a solution<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Proper composting is an effective method of carcass disposal. Composting is the natural breakdown of organic material by microbes. A well-constructed compost pile will<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>reach temperatures of 130\u00baF\/54\u00baC to 150\u00baF\/65\u00baC and maintain these temperatures for at least three consecutive days (check temperatures with compost thermometer);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>inactivate many viruses, including avian influenza (AI) virus (the AI virus becomes inactive within 10 minutes at 140\u00baF\/60\u00baC, or with 15 to 20 minutes at 133\u00baF\/56\u00baC); <sup>1<\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>produce a usable end product.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Steps to successful composting of poultry mortalities<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Select a suitable site<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Identify an area at least 10 feet by 10 feet with the following characteristics, if possible:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2014 Away from neighbors\u2019 sight line or screened from view<br>\u2014 Downwind from neighbors<br>\u2014 Near the barn or manure pile<br>\u2014 Gentle slope (ideal is two to four percent)<br>\u2014 Away from drinking water supplies, including domestic wells (preferably at least 100 feet)<br>\u2014 Soil\/drainage:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote><blockquote><ul>\n<li>Medium-textured soils (loamy sand to sandy loam) are best.<\/li>\n<li>Soils with high seasonal water tables may have to be modified.<\/li>\n<li>Shallow to bedrock sites need to be modified. Contact one of the resource people from the Maine Compost Team (see \u201cResources\u201d) if any site modification is needed.<\/li>\n<li>Consider access to feedstocks (raw material for composting) and nearness to carcasses to be composted.<\/li>\n<li>Avoid sites where excess water will enter the pile, such as near roof gutters or perimeter drains.<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/blockquote><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>You are unlikely to find a site that meets all of these criteria. Consider all of the factors and decide what location will have the least amount of impact. For additional information on site selection, consult <em>Guidelines for Siting Compost Operations<\/em> (see \u201cReferences\u201d).<sup><br><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Gather compost material (feedstocks)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Minimum 5 cubic yards<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Feedstock sources:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2014 Poultry litter (nitrogen source)<br>\u2014 Wood shavings (carbon source)<br>\u2014 Horse bedding (carbon source)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Mix feedstocks in correct ratios<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1.5 parts sawdust\/shavings to 1 part poultry litter, or<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>7 parts horse bedding to 1 part poultry litter<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Mix feedstocks in the above ratios before adding mortalities. You will need at least 5 cubic yards of mixed feedstock material to construct a pile large enough to generate and maintain sufficient pile temperatures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Construct pile<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"432\" height=\"186\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-8493\" src=\"http:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2011\/04\/compostdiagram-large.jpg\" alt=\"Side view of poultry carcass compost diagram\" style=\"width: 370px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2011\/04\/compostdiagram-large.jpg 432w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2011\/04\/compostdiagram-large-300x129.jpg 300w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2011\/04\/compostdiagram-large-105x45.jpg 105w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2011\/04\/compostdiagram-large-317x136.jpg 317w, https:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/52\/2011\/04\/compostdiagram-large-423x182.jpg 423w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 320px) 85vw, (max-width: 768px) 67vw, (max-width: 1024px) 62vw,432px\" \/>The pile will form a cone shape: pile size should be at least 5 feet high with a base diameter of 8 feet (this size is necessary to create and maintain required heat). A pile this size will hold approximately 200 adult birds.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lay 2 feet of mixed material as a base.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Place a single layer of birds on the base.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cover carcasses with an additional 2 feet of mixed material.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A second layer of birds may be added if necessary. This will increase the height of the pile.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cover the second layer with 2 feet of mixed material.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Make sure all soft tissue is well covered.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. Monitor and manage pile<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Check pile for activity by scavenging animals or birds.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2014 Add more carbon cover material, such as wood shavings, dry horse bedding, or mature compost, if there is evidence of animal activity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Monitor pile temperature.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2014 Maintain a temperature of 130\u00baF\/54\u00baC to 150\u00baF\/65\u00baC for at least three consecutive days.<br>\u2014 Turn pile with a fork or shovel (or a bucket tractor if available) when temperatures decrease below 100\u00baF or after approximately three weeks.<br>\u2014 After turning, make sure all soft tissue is covered with absorbent carbon material. This will act as a biofilter.<br>\u2014 After turning, allow the pile to cure for at least three months before applying to soil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. Use the finished product<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Apply finished compost at these recommended rates:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2014 Top-dress lawns with a half-inch layer.<br>\u2014 Amend garden soils with 1 cubic yard per 1,000 square feet.<br>\u2014 Amend crop soils with 25 tons per acre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup>1<\/sup> H. Lu et al. \u201cSurvival of Avian Influenza Virus H7N2 in SPF Chickens and Their Environments.\u201d <em>Avian Diseases 47<\/em> (2003): 1015-1021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Resources:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Maine Compost Team<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Mark King, Maine Department of Environmental Protection, State House Station #17, Augusta, Maine 04333, 207.287.2430 or <a href=\"mailto:Mark.A.King@maine.gov\">Mark.A.King@maine.gov<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mark Hutchinson, University of Maine Cooperative Extension, Knox-Lincoln Counties Office, 377 Manktown Road, Waldoboro, ME 04572, 207.832.0343 or <a href=\"mailto:mhutch@maine.edu\">mhutch@maine.edu<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">References:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Rocque, David. <em>Guidelines for Siting Compost Operations<\/em> (Draft). Augusta, ME: Maine Department of Agriculture Food and Rural Resources, 2005.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rynk, Robert, ed. <a href=\"https:\/\/extensionpubs.umext.maine.edu\/ePOS\/form=item.html&amp;item=1157&amp;store=413\"><em>On-Farm Composting Handbook<\/em><\/a>. Ithaca, NY: Natural Resource, Agriculture and Engineering Service, 1992. (Available from <a href=\"http:\/\/extensionpubs.umext.maine.edu\/ePOS\/form=item.html&amp;item=1157&amp;store=413\">UMaine Extension<\/a>.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.aphis.usda.gov\/animal_health\/birdbiosecurity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Biosecurity for the Birds<\/a>,<\/em>&nbsp;USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.composting.org\">Maine Compost School<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Information in this publication is provided purely for educational purposes. No responsibility is assumed for any problems associated with the use of products or services mentioned. No endorsement of products or companies is intended, nor is criticism of unnamed products or companies implied.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00a9 2006, updated 2015<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Call 800.287.0274 (in Maine), or 207.581.3188, for information on publications and program offerings from University of Maine Cooperative Extension, or visit <a href=\"http:\/\/extension.umaine.edu\">extension.umaine.edu<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>The University of Maine System (the System) is an equal opportunity institution committed to fostering a nondiscriminatory environment and complying with all applicable nondiscrimination laws. Consistent with State and Federal law, the System does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, transgender status, gender, gender identity or expression, ethnicity, national origin, citizenship status, familial status, ancestry, age, disability (physical or mental), genetic information, pregnancy, or veteran or military status in any aspect of its education, programs and activities, and employment. The System provides reasonable accommodations to qualified individuals with disabilities upon request. If you believe you have experienced discrimination or harassment, you are encouraged to contact the System Office of Equal Opportunity and Title IX Services at 5713 Chadbourne Hall, Room 412, Orono, ME 04469-5713, by calling 207.581.1226, or via TTY at 711 (Maine Relay System). For more information about Title IX or to file a complaint, please contact the UMS Title IX Coordinator at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.maine.edu\/title-ix\/\">www.maine.edu\/title-ix\/<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Developed by Associate Extension Professor Mark Hutchinson in collaboration with Bill Seekins, Agricultural Management Resource Coordinator for the Maine Department of Agriculture For information about UMaine Extension programs and resources, visit extension.umaine.edu.Find more of our publications and books at extension.umaine.edu\/publications\/. Many people in Maine keep backyard poultry flocks. If you are among them, you know [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":12,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-8476","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Bulletin #12, Safe Disposal of Backyard Poultry Mortalities - Cooperative Extension Publications - University of Maine Cooperative Extension<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Many people in Maine keep backyard poultry flocks. 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