Episode 47: University of Maine Cooperative Extension Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory with Dr. Dana Hill

Photo of Dr. Dana Hill
Dr. Dana Hill

On this episode of the Maine Farmcast, Dr. Glenda Pereira, and Dr. Colt Knight, sit down with Dr. Dana Hill who is part of the UMaine Livestock team. Dr. Hill is an Assistant Extension Professor, Veterinarian Specialist, and the Director of the UMaine Extension Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. She has a special interest in infectious disease research and obtained a combined residency and Ph.D. in anatomic pathology at Iowa State University. In her downtime, Hill enjoys hiking with her husband, friends and dogs all over Maine.

Episode Resources

Automated Transcript

Colt Knight: 00:21

Welcome to the Maine Farmcast. I am your host, doctor Colt Knight, associate extension professor

Glenda Pereira: 00:29

Co host.

Colt Knight: 00:30

And state livestock specialist.

Glenda Pereira: 00:32

Colt, you left me out.

Colt Knight: 00:34

And I am purposely leaving Glenda out today. No. I’m not. She’s just really into the titles. So I’m joined by my cohost.

Glenda Pereira: 00:44

You forgot about me. You can say it

Dana Hill: 00:46

to the listeners.

Colt Knight: 00:47

I forget about you. I started this thing early because you were over there talking up a storm and we had to, you know, get rolling on things.

Glenda Pereira: 00:54

Oh, memorable. Thank you. Thank you, Colt, for that. Yes. So, Glenna we’re joined today, here, recording this episode together.

Glenda Pereira: 01:02

So I’m happy to be back, doing this episode with you, Colt. Thanks for having me, I guess.

Colt Knight: 01:10

Having you?

Glenda Pereira: 01:11

Yeah. You’re like

Colt Knight: 01:12

half of the team. So I did hang a tapestry in the room to cover up the web based paint that’s peeling off the So that that looks a little better.

Glenda Pereira: 01:22

Yeah. So we’re recording today in Orono here in Hitchner Hall. But we have a special guest today. So you won’t only be hearing from Colt and I. Today’s guest is, Dr. Dana Hill, who is, our extension veterinarian.

Glenda Pereira: 01:40

I’m not gonna introduce anymore because, Dana’s gonna give us her credentials and her background because it’s quite extensive because she’s also a pathologist, which is like super cool. So Dana, thanks for being on the podcast.

Dana Hill: 01:53

Yeah. Thank you for having me. It’s a wonderful opportunity, and I’m happy to be here. Awesome. Yeah.

Dana Hill: 02:00

Glenda mentioned, I can quickly kind of touch on my background. So I’m originally from Colorado where I completed my undergraduate degree in biology and biomedical science. From there, I completed a master’s degree where I studied predominantly prion diseases. So you might have heard of chronic wasting disease or mad cow disease. So those are kind of the diseases that we focused on, primarily chronic wasting disease that affects deer and elk and moose.

Dana Hill: 02:32

We also did a little bit work with Scrapie in sheep and goats. After my master’s, I completed veterinary school at Colorado State University. And really, actually, before going into vet school, I knew I wanted to become a pathologist. And just to kind of, I guess, break down what that is a little further, pathology is the study of disease. And so basically, I specialized in animal diseases.

Dana Hill: 03:02

And so after veterinary school, in order to become a pathologist, I completed a residency training program at Iowa State University and a Ph.D. at the National Veterinary Services Laboratory in Ames, Iowa. And so, the National Vet Services Lab is kind of equivalent to the CDC for animals. And so there, we primarily focused on bovine tuberculosis, and my Ph.D. was actually looking at that disease in feral swine in The US. So after completing my residency and passing boards, I came here to the University of Maine, where yes, I’m now the extension veterinarian, and I am also the director of the veterinary diagnostic lab here in Orono.

Colt Knight: 03:50

Doctor, I find amazing is like all of our guests on this podcast all say, oh, well, we went to school because we thought we wanted to be a vet. And then none of them actually went to vet school. And now we actually have an honest to goodness veterinarian on the podcast. But not just that.

Colt Knight: 04:09

You went the extra step and now have a vet degree and a Ph.D. So you’re like way above Glenda and I’s level.

Dana Hill: 04:16

Yeah. I guess I really like school. I don’t know.

Glenda Pereira: 04:19

You’re still at school because you’re still in school. Like that’s right. People people tell me that all the time. So you never left because you’re still in school technically. And I’m like, yep.

Glenda Pereira: 04:28

You know, at the end of the day, when you think about our a lot of our jobs is like reading and learning and asking new questions. So we’re kind of always learning. So we’re always in school.

Dana Hill: 04:38

Right. And that’s what I love about this profession and my position is, every day it’s something new and I’m constantly learning new things. And I’m I really like that challenge.

Glenda Pereira: 04:49

Yeah. And so part of your role is obviously you know, a specialist role is to some extent do some education. But you’ve been in your role for only a few years. And so folks can look forward to, potentially, seeing Dana out in the field and we’ll certainly invite her to some of our programs so you can interact with her that way. But, Dana mentioned that her primary role is as the director of the VDL.

Glenda Pereira: 05:18

So what’s the VDL, Dana?

Dana Hill: 05:20

Yeah. Our, veterinary diagnostic lab, I mean, we have certainly one here in Maine, but, most states kind of have an equivalent of a veterinary diagnostic lab, whether that is through kind of the state department of ag and kind of more of a from a public health regulatory testing component. Certain states are lucky enough to have a diagnostic lab associated with a university, that might offer some more extensive testing available in state. And so that’s kind of where our focus is right now and getting that lab, you know, up and running and trying to get all of more testing in state, just to serve producers and animal owners across the state.

Glenda Pereira: 06:02

Yeah. So, as a director, what does your day to day look like in, you know, as a pathologist as well?

Dana Hill: 06:10

Yeah. Again, every day is different, which is what I like. It’s not necessarily routine and that can present its own challenges. But generally speaking, we’re there and responding to client calls or just inquiries about general animal health questions. We accept submissions for various types of animal samples for biological testing.

Dana Hill: 06:35

So we’re looking for specific diseases. And yeah, we can kind of break down what sort of samples that we’re looking at more in-depth. But generally speaking, I’m doing examinations, post mortem examinations on animals to help farmers determine cause of death, which, know, that’s their livelihood. And so, really kind of just putting those puzzle pieces together and trying to get answers, to reduce losses and improve animal health is kind of our main goal.

Glenda Pereira: 07:04

Yeah. So you said that you offer some services. What kind of, you know, so how can clients in the state of Maine utilize the lab? And if you want to be

Dana Hill: 07:17

more specific, that’d be great too. Yeah. So we have a couple of different labs. And if you go to our website, it might maybe look a little bit daunting. There’s some big kind of pathology and veterinary words on there.

Dana Hill: 07:30

But generally speaking, I’ll kind of break down the different lab sections that we have and then I’ll talk a little bit about the lab sections that we’re hoping to develop or incorporate more regularly into our workflow. So our microbiology lab offers just kind of general bacteriology, so culturing various samples that come from animals, whether it’s, you know, a urine sample from a, you know, dog with a urinary tract infection or milk from a cow with suspected mastitis. All of that would occur in our micro lab. And we also have our parasitology group in there as well. And so parasitology is kind of what it sounds like, looking for parasites.

Dana Hill: 08:12

And generally speaking, we’re doing that in fecal samples. And so we can offer kind of a quantitative fecal egg count for, people with ruminants or small ruminants. Occasionally, we’ll do that for like horses and chickens too. But otherwise, we can do different analyses on feces, you know, looking for lungworms. There’s, you know, really a lot of information that we can get, from that lab section.

Dana Hill: 08:38

Our next lab would be our pathology lab. And so that’s where we’re performing, necropsy, which is, you know, an autopsy on an animal. And so that’s just a postmortem exam where we’re looking for lesions or abnormalities. We collect anything that looks abnormal. Then kind of the other component to our pathology lab is histopath.

Dana Hill: 09:00

And so histo meaning tissue and pathology, again, relating back to disease. We’re looking for the evidence of disease or specific, disease agents in tissue. So that’s under the microscope essentially. And so we offer that as kind of a service, additional service for our necropsy patients. It’s kind of the gold standard for postmortem exam.

Dana Hill: 09:25

We also have a salmonella lab that services poultry producers in the state. And so this could be anyone who wants to sell eggs or meat commercially, and it is mandated through the NPIP program with USDA for, you know, certain commercial producers with over like 2,000 birds. But we offer environmental salmonella enteritidis surveillance through that lab. And then we have really exciting developments with our serology and molecular labs. We’re really looking into getting some testing platforms available.

Dana Hill: 10:01

And a lot of that is based off some of the recent surveys we’ve sent out to producers and veterinarians to figure out what sort of testing that they would like for us to offer. So if you happen to see those surveys come out, please fill those out and give us your feedback because we’d love to know, what would be helpful for you.

Glenda Pereira: 10:18

Yeah, great. We can probably attach to the notes, on this episode, attach that survey so that folks can share, more about what needs we have in the state so then you can obviously serve them. So, you have a lot of, services and samples that you can take in. What like, what is the capacity of your lab? And, you know, just give us an idea of what you might, you know, recommend for out of state, or, you know, give the listeners and folks who might use the VDL, an idea of what you know, we know what you can take in and then what can’t you potentially do in house.

Glenda Pereira: 11:04

Obviously, it’s because you’re a smaller lab. Yeah.

Dana Hill: 11:06

Right. Yeah. And you summed it up perfectly. So, we offer kind of some basic laboratory services, but some of the more specialized testing. And certainly, if we’re talking about regulatory diseases, generally speaking, that would go to the public health or department.

Dana Hill: 11:24

And so they do have a laboratory set up to do some of that regulatory testing. Otherwise, that would get sent out to a different veterinary diagnostic lab. So there’s an accreditation process through the USDA. So there’s the National Animal Health Laboratory Network or NAHLN. And I think our nearest NAHLN lab will actually become the University of New Hampshire Veterinary Diagnostic Lab.

Dana Hill: 11:53

So they’re coming on board into that accreditation, I think, if not this year, next year. And so that’s really exciting to have them close by, but otherwise Cornell would be our closest. And so once they are accredited through non, they are able to do more extensive testing and again, for more regulated disease, things like highly pathogenic avian influenza that we’ve seen kind of rear its ugly head over the last year or two, and things like Yoni’s disease. So that’s where people would just kind of request to us what sort of testing they’re looking for. And we can kind of help point them in the right direction if we’re not able to provide that on-site.

Colt Knight: 12:32

Doctor. With the highly pathogenic avian influenza, I actually just got a call from the local news network today to talk about this. It’s still an issue. It’s still running through the country. I actually looked the stats up this morning.

Colt Knight: 12:47

We have lost a 38,000,000 poultry in The United States in this recent outbreak of of avian influenza. You may have noticed a little bit of an egg shortage at some stores. In the last quarter, we have lost 20,000,000 egg layers. You know, some of that is coupled with the, the big storms that we saw in North Carolina. They we we lost some egg production there.

Colt Knight: 13:15

They’ve got about 9,000,000 egg hens, but the vast majority of that is that highly pathogenic avian influenza. And it would probably be important to talk a little bit about, you know, what what should folks look for in signs in their own flock and how would they submit a sample for that to make sure?

Dana Hill: 13:39

Right. And I mean, that that’s kind of a loaded question just because HPAI well, HPAI specifically presents generally speaking in poultry with just kind of sudden explained death. Unfortunately, chickens and turkeys especially seem to be very susceptible to this particular strain that’s been circulating. So that might be the first thing that you notice. And usually in a larger flock, you’re going to notice multiple mortalities or multiple deaths.

Dana Hill: 14:08

And that can happen in a very short period of time. But there’s also, when we’re talking about highly pathogenic avian influenza, that’s a strain of avian influenza or bird flu that is much more likely to cause disease and death. That’s why it’s highly pathogenic. There’s also a low pathogenic avian influenza, that is also regularly circulating, and that has the potential to mutate into the highly pathogenic one. So the low pathogenic one is going to present much more inconspicuously.

Dana Hill: 14:43

And so your birds might not show any symptoms if they’re infected with that or just kind of mild runny eyes and sneezing or something like that. So that’s where it gets a little more tricky to figure out, you know, what you may or may not have. But certainly if you’re experiencing sudden deaths, unexplained deaths in your flock, that would potentially be a red flag. And I would recommend first contacting the state department of ag. They will be able to help sample any live birds.

Dana Hill: 15:14

Then if we need to coordinate with the veterinary diagnostic lab for postmortem sampling, they would reach out to us at that point.

Colt Knight: 15:22

And so another question that I get asked a lot about is internal parasites. And you do some parasitology there at the lab. And why would a person, you know, want to send in a fecal sample to diagnose if they’ve got worms or not?

Dana Hill: 15:40

Doctor. Right. So, I mentioned I’m from Colorado, which is a pretty arid environment. Iowa’s, certainly a little bit less arid. It’s more humid and certainly has more moisture than Colorado does.

Dana Hill: 15:53

Maine is kind of almost on the other extreme of that. And having experience working in a diagnostic lab in Colorado, then again in Iowa, and then now here in Maine, I can tell you I’ve not seen more parasites anywhere else than I have here in Maine. And weird parasites too. So generally speaking, you know, if something’s going on with your animal, they’re experiencing diarrhea or, you know, just kind of weird funky fecal samples going on, the first step is submitting that sample, for us to do a basic analysis. You know, and a lot of times it’s explained away with, you know, a recent diet change or some sort of stress that happened.

Dana Hill: 16:34

But ruling out parasites is a really good idea because they’re only going to complicate other diseases that your animals might encounter. And certainly when we’re talking about ruminants and small ruminants, there’s a very, very catastrophic parasite that can occur in the stomach of those animals. And so, we would actually recommend for small ruminant operations that you’re regularly submitting fecal samples to get fecal egg counts on your animals, to stay on top of that parasite load. Because unfortunately, they’re so prevalent, you almost never get rid of them. It’s a matter of monitoring them and figuring out which animals are high shedders and more susceptible to that parasite, to keep your flock healthy.

Dana Hill: 17:19

And so that’s where kind of that regular monitoring of fecal samples comes in.

Colt Knight: 17:24

I think it could also be a monetary saving measure too, because dewormers are expensive and time consuming to give out to your And if you have those fecal samples tested, you can identify which parasites you have on-site, whether your dewormers are actually working or not. And, you know, with regular testing, you can actually start to build like, how long should I go between worming? And if you can spread that out as much as you can, you you get less resistance from over deworming. Correct?

Dana Hill: 17:56

Absolutely. And and that’s kind of one of the things we we have seen is people think they’re doing good by regularly deworming their flock, or their herd. And what we’re actually noticing is by exposing animals who don’t necessarily need those dome warmers to those products, we’re basically teaching the parasites how to overcome the drugs that we’re throwing at them. And so that’s where, again, fecal samples are really useful because we can focus our efforts on the animals that need it and really decrease that parasite load, while everyone else seems to be kind of handling that okay. So yes, absolutely.

Dana Hill: 18:35

That will help make a lot of management decisions for your farm.

Colt Knight: 18:38

And then another service that you offer at your lab that that I’ve, gotten a lot of questions with over the years is is the performing of necropsies. You know, sometimes folks’ animals just drop dead and they don’t know why, and they want answers. And sometimes a necropsy is the best solution. So why would someone want to submit a necropsy, and what can they hope to find from that necropsy? And then what happens to the animal after the necropsy is performed?

Dana Hill: 19:10

Yeah, we get requests for necropsy from lots of different people, for lots of different species. It could be a farmer, like I mentioned, who is concerned because they are experiencing a lot of losses in their herd or in a specific age group of animals and they want to know why. Like I said, that’s their livelihood. And so that’s a really big issue potentially for a producer. But certainly we also get requests from animal owners who lost a beloved pet and just kind of want that closure.

Dana Hill: 19:43

And so, you know, I certainly can’t make any promises for what we might find at necropsy. But generally speaking, we do get an answer, if not for an immediate cause of death, we can certainly kind of make an inference for certain things that might be going on or other contributing factors that could be making that animal’s life more difficult. And so if, you know, we might notice nothing at necropsy and those are the really frustrating cases, you know, certainly for the owner, but also for me. Like I said, I went into this field because I like solving these puzzles and I want to have that final answer. And that’s what necropsy generally provides.

Dana Hill: 20:24

So the best case scenario is that we do see gross lesions and, you know, we can give you an answer just based off what I’m seeing with the naked eye. But if we have to take it to the next level and talk about other diagnostics, that’s where histopath comes in, where I can then look down at the cellular level under the microscope and say, Hey, you know, actually this is what I’m seeing. Let’s focus our efforts on this diagnostic testing. So often kind of a stepwise process, but going off of the owner’s concerns, the use of that animal, all of those factors kind of tie into it.

Colt Knight: 21:01

And then I’m gonna ask one more question before I turn it back over to Glenda.

Glenda Pereira: 21:05

Well, I just wanted to, and sorry, this occurred to me when we were when you were talking, Dana. So because it’s sample related. So what samples can be directly submitted by farmers and which ones require a vet? Because do you necrops? Like so if you can break that down for us.

Glenda Pereira: 21:24

Yeah.

Dana Hill: 21:25

And and I just realized too, didn’t answer your your final question too, Colt, just about what happens to the body after necropsy. So let me touch that real quick and then I’ll answer Alright.

Glenda Pereira: 21:36

Well, a roundabout way. Right.

Dana Hill: 21:40

After necropsy is performed, we contract with an outside crematorium, where we can offer either just group cremation for a smaller charge or we will offer, private cremation if owners elect to have ashes returned to them. There is a larger kind of processing fee if you do request the ashes to be returned, but those are definitely options. Certain animals too, we have an option to offer composting off-site. And so that we have pursued that in a couple of cases as well. So there’s a few options for body care after a necropsy.

Dana Hill: 22:20

Regarding kind of what samples a producer or owner can submit directly to us versus what requires a veterinarian, I will say kind of with a caveat, we do accept certain samples directly from producers and owners. But our results could still potentially, you know, require some sort of veterinary intervention or treatment. And so even though we don’t require a veterinarian, you still may need to loop in a veterinarian into that conversation based off what we find. But with that said, we do accept milk samples from dairy farmers. So we’ll culture for mastitis for individual animals, but we also accept bulk tanks bulk tank samples.

Dana Hill: 23:05

And then we also accept fecal samples for regular parasitology. If you want a necropsy performed, we do require that a veterinarian is involved in that submission. Again, mostly because of the follow-up that might be involved. Unfortunately, with how the law is laid out, me doing a post mortem exam does not qualify as a veterinary client patient relationship or VCPR. And so that’s where I’m a little limited in what sort of treatment recommendations that I can give after I do a necropsy.

Dana Hill: 23:41

And so that’s where your clinical veterinarian comes in.

Glenda Pereira: 23:45

Awesome. And sorry.

Dana Hill: 23:49

Just also wanted to mention, the one exception to that is we do accept submissions for backyard poultry directly from owners without a veterinarian for necropsy because there’s just such a shortage of poultry veterinarians in the state. It’s often hard for poultry producers to really kind of find those answers. So we do offer poultry necropsy at a discounted price and directly from owners just to kind of help fill that gap.

Glenda Pereira: 24:20

Thank you. Yeah, that that was really helpful. Because I think oftentimes, you know, people might you you offer all these great services, but some of them do have limitations, especially because, like you mentioned, of the follow-up. So, you know, a a vet client patient relationship must be in place for some of these. And I think something you mentioned too, you know, before was the management piece.

Glenda Pereira: 24:48

Right? With like parasites. You know, the monitoring and management is really how you can potentially, like, reduce resistance to a specific worm or or parasite. And so going back to the fact that depending on your results of your necropsy or whatever, it might require, like, that that vet continues to monitor with you so that you make sure, you know, that whatever disease you have, is either, you know, like, you’re having improvements in your animals, and that might require additional testing and and work with your veterinarian. So, vet client patient relationships or a VCPR, are critical.

Glenda Pereira: 25:28

Colts, did you have your last question?

Colt Knight: 25:31

I do.

Glenda Pereira: 25:32

Let’s hear it.

Colt Knight: 25:34

So I’m just dragging out all the things that I get emailed about that I send over to the vet diagnostic lab. And and the other one is is, toxicities, poisonings, toxic plants. And for the most part, toxic plants get blamed for way more than they should because animals generally avoid those and without extreme circumstances being present. I’ve seen way more poisonous plant issues with people feeding garden clippings or landscape clippings to livestock than I have them just foraging for it naturally. Not that it doesn’t occur, but if someone thought that there was some kind of poison issue, whether it be plant based or lead stream running through the farm or what have you, does the lab able to do those tests or do you have to send those somewhere else?

Dana Hill: 26:30

So all toxicology, we generally send off-site. The methods used to detect toxins, it requires a mass spec instrument, which we currently don’t have. Also other VDLs will employ veterinary toxicologists who are much more well versed in these sorts of analyses. And so we kind of the gold standard is Michigan State University has a very renowned, toxicology department. And so we send most of our samples over there for toxicology testing.

Dana Hill: 27:05

I agree with you, I think probably ninety nine percent of the cases who come to me and say, I think my neighbor poisoned my dog or XYZ. That’s not the case and we do find a different cause of death and therefore toxicology testing isn’t necessarily warranted at that point. But I will also say that we have certainly seen cases of relay toxicosis for things like rodenticide and other pesticides. We have also detected lead in a couple of different animals. And so if you have a potential source of lead or arsenic in your well or something like that, that you are concerned for your animals for, that is something that we definitely can test for.

Dana Hill: 27:51

With the caveat, we cannot test food products. So if you’re wondering if you can eat your chickens eggs because of lead, that would not be an indication for us to test because that lands more on a human health side. We will only send out those samples, you know, pertaining to animal health, if that makes sense. It’s just a liability for us to turn around and say, Yes, it’s safe for you to eat this without really knowing the full picture of what’s going on on-site or with the human itself.

Colt Knight: 28:29

Cheaper than probably going through animal tissue.

Colt Knight: 28:28

Absolutely. A lot cheaper than probably going through animal tissue.

Dana Hill: 28:31

Right. We’re gonna be more expensive if you try to go that route. So I would recommend working with your safety department.

Colt Knight: 28:37

That water is is okay or not based on the water test.

Dana Hill: 28:40

Exactly.

Glenda Pereira: 28:42

Yeah. Well, that that was certainly a good question. Dana, our last question for you today, as we wrap up the episode, is related to you know, I think you have a really good website that explains how to submit samples. So please look at that because, you know, it’s important that you submit a sample based on, you know, best results, for the lab. But after, you know, you’ve done you and your team have done your work, how do clients receive results and and what’s sort of the follow-up from those results and what can they expect, and what do they do with them?

Glenda Pereira: 29:19

Yeah.

Dana Hill: 29:20

So generally speaking, we have, like you mentioned, a lot of information on our web site as far as the testing we do offer, kind of the expected turnaround times. Unfortunately, it’s not like CSI where, you know, they take the liver from the person straight to the microscope and get an answer within five minutes. Yeah. Yeah, kind of those expectations are listed on our website, as well as, information for how to submit a sample. But generally speaking, if you or your veterinarian are interested in submitting a sample to us, I would direct you to the website and then give us a call because we’re happy to chat with you and figure out the best kind of way to collect a sample and make sure we’re getting the right sample type for the testing that you’re requesting.

Dana Hill: 30:05

So we’ll work with you if you have any questions or your veterinarian may also know what needs to be submitted for the specific test that you’re requesting. And then we will send out the results electronically as soon as we have those available. We will also then, you know, kind of once the case is all wrapped up and all of testing is completed, we then will mail like a hard copy signed report to you and your veterinarian and whoever else might be involved in that submission process. We’re also working on a client portal that will allow people to log on and kind of monitor their sample as it’s going through the lab. And so we’re hoping to get that live later this year.

Dana Hill: 30:49

So stay tuned on that too.

Glenda Pereira: 30:52

Awesome. Was there anything else that we didn’t mention today that you wanted to leave listeners with?

Dana Hill: 30:59

I think really just if you have questions or if you’re interested in submitting a sample, please reach out to us. Our phone number is (207) 581-3874. And our website address is not super podcast friendly, but you can just Google University of Maine or UMaine Veterinary Diagnostic Lab and it should come up on a quick Google search. And again, yeah, we’re happy to answer any questions you might have. We also have electronic submission form now available, so you can, find that directly on our website.

Dana Hill: 31:35

And if you request a hard copy, submission form, we have that available for in person drop offs or we’re happy to mail you a form as well.

Glenda Pereira: 31:44

Great.

Colt Knight: 31:45

Thank you, Dr. Hill. We appreciate having you on the podcast.

Dana Hill: 31:49

Yes. Thank you for having me. It’s been wonderful.

Colt Knight: 31:51

And at this time is when I remind our listeners that if you have questions, comments, concerns, suggested episodes, or cash donations, where can they send those, Glenda?

Dana Hill: 32:05

Well, my address. No. I’m just kidding.

Glenda Pereira: 32:06

Yeah. Exactly. Yeah. Send the cash donations checks to Dana’s email. So we are at extension.farmcast@maine.edu.

Glenda Pereira: 32:19

Thanks, everybody.

Colt Knight: 32:20

I think that sums it up.

Dana Hill: 32:21

Yeah. Thanks, everyone.

Colt Knight: 32:26

Now everybody’s just staring at me. Waiting for me to click the button.

Glenda Pereira: 32:31

You’re making it awkward.

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